Reference 17.11, 19a521

Birth of Blessed Juan de Avila in Almodovar del Campo; he studied at Salamanca & Alcala; he was a noted preacher & writer; he was advisor to T who read & criticized the book of her Life^37.123

"One of the most striking features of the age was a pride of ancestry which now reached new heights of pride & elaboration." This statement is made about Tudor Eng but applies equally well to Sp

True honor comes to include purity of the blood line which could include no Jewish or Moorish ancestors

Reference

In Ávila Bp Carrillo consolidates 3 poor & understaffed Cistercian convents into one larger one at Santa Ana^8.38

In his report to the Crown, Perez also notes the resentment that had arisen from the unequal distribution on power in Ávila; in most Spanish cities at that time, the non-noble citizens elected their own representatives to the city council; in Ávila there was only 1 representative for the non-noble citizens & he was chosen by the regidores^8.69ff

Many descendants of the Muslims convert to Catholicism; they are known as moriscos; they were < 15% of Ávila's population & lived outside the north wall^8.11

Reference

Church

Society

b of T's cousin Vasco^1a287

Sr Anna Cambina founds a 3rd monastery of nuns in Florence;^32.41

The Const of these 3 monasteries are extant; they are based on the Const of 1462 by Soreth & describe choir, cloister, chapter rights, manual labor in a common workroom to the accompaniment of either spiritual reading or hymn singing; in Parma the meditation was done in common; the Mantuan legislation gave the nuns the right to representation at gen'l chapters of the Congregation^32.41

At the directive of the provincial, Maria Ana de San Sebastian becomes head of a beaterio in Granada; it was under the bishop; the community soon numbered 50 women^32.42

Church

Society

Church

Santa Escolastica, Ávila's 1st hospital for the poor founded; it didn't accept contagious, incurable, or venereal cases; by midcentury there were at least 12 hospitals^8.59ff

Henry VIII becomes king; marries Catherine of Aragon

Abrosio Mariano de San Benito Azaro was born [c 1510 - 1594] in Bitonto, Naples in the province of Bari. Educated with Gregory XIII, he was versatile in theology, law, mathematics, & engineering. He attended the Council of Trent and served both the Queen of Poland and Philip II of Spain.^37.112

Church 10/28 b of Francis Borgia; he is great grandson of Pope Alexander VI & grandson of King Ferdinand

About this time Cardinal Cisneros founds the Univ of Alcala de Henares; it becomes the center of Erasmian thought & humanistic studies in Sp.^8.81

Church

Society

Church

Ferdinand conquered Navarre to unite/control all of the modern day Spanish states;

F & I acquired right to nominate all higher clergy; they appoint men of high character & unquestioned orthodoxy

Beatrix Guiera prioress of Incarnation^32.43

Bernardo Robles leaves 800K maravedis to Incarnation for construction of the main chapel & for other needs; he stipulates in great detail how & where he was to be buried and that one nun must kneel continuously before the Blessed Sacrament with a candle in her hand praying (vocally) for his soul; he left his heirs in charge of his $ with the orders to withhold payment if the nuns did not meet their obligations; the nuns had to take 1 hr shifts day & night; they only did this a few months before appealing to the pope for a dispensation from the night vigils on the grounds that this violated the great silence^8.50ff

Since the prayers that benefactors specified were vocal, it was easy for them to determine whether or not the religious were fulfilling their obligations^8.51

Dona Agnes Farfan founds & enters the convent of the Incar-

nation in Seville; it was under the friars^32.42

Church

1513-1529 Cardinal Wolsey essentially runs the govt. of England

c1513 Machiavelli writes "The Prince";

Society

4/4 "inauguration" (new bldg) of Incarnation; Dona Elvira reserved the right to appoint the house's patrons as well as her successor; her son Pedro & her grandson were the 1st two patrons; her daughter Catalina followed her as abbess^8.45

OCarm Monastery at Sutri founded; it was under Mantua; St Paul of the Cross gave them retreats; he is the founder of the Passionists^32.59

Luther, who had been agonizing over how anyone could be sure that they were chosen to be saved or that their works were good enough to merit salvation, received an insight from Romans: "The just shall live by faith," i.e. anyone who receives the gift of faith is saved by that faith alone.

Peter of Alcantara enters the Franciscans

Birth of Antonio Araoz, SJ in Vergara, Guipuzcoa, in the Basque region of N Spain^37.122

Henry gives up fighting and tries to become the peace-maker of Europe;

Thos More's "Utopia";

Francis I, king of France, secures the right to nominate all higher clergy

Maria Ruiz & Lucy Alvarez found the Dominican convent of the Incarnation in Antequera, Sp; in 1520 they transfer to the Carmelites & are instructed by the nuns from Ecija^32.42

St Angela Merici forms Company of St Ursula;

Ignatius Loyola enters service of Duke of Najera

Church

b of Tintoretto

3/22 Chas I agrees to equip Magellan's ships for the circumnavigation attempt

Cortez starts brutal conquest of Mexico^31.27

11/16 Cristobal de Salcedo testifies that the Cepedas lived in the style of hidalgos; 4 other witnesses who originally had testified against the family abruptly changed their minds when de Pajares paid each of them the 300 Maravedis necessary for travel & other expenses; in all there were 12 witnesses who then testified in favor of the Cepedas^8.66ff

T's bro Lorenzo born^1a287

Emperor Maximilian I dies; he is grandfather of Chas V so Chas inherits Hapsburg lands; imperial elections; Henry VIII makes effort to be elected emperor; Frederick the Wise agrees to support Chas V for emperor if he will delay Luther's trial;

Cortez conquers Aztecs in Mexico;

9/20 Magellan starts circumnavigation

d of da Vinci

T grows up in a period in which "new men" challenge the exclusive power of the city's hereditary oligarchy; it is to these "new men" that T will turn to seek support for her reform^8.53

Antonio [dj] Heredia takes the Carmelite habit at the age of 10; he studied arts & theology at Salamanca Univ^37.121

St Jerome's letters trans by de Molina & published in Valencia;

Don Alfonso, Archbp of Zaragoza, dies; his consort, Dona Ana de Guerrea con't to live in the Archbp's palace controlling domestic arrangements & finance;

Francis Borgia, age 10, makes his first communion;

Don Juan de Carbona becomes auxiliary bishop of Barcelona; he becomes Archbp. in 1531; he is ordained in 1541, & dies in 1546; he celebrated mass only once;

Uprising of Comuneros' of Ávila & virtually all the cities of Castile; it amounted to a civil war against the fiscal & administrative policies of Chas V; many of Ávila's 'new men' were directly involved in it; it was an angry reaction to loss of traditional powers & prerogatives of townspeople to Chas; the citizens of Ávila cooperated closely with the citizens of other nearby towns;^8.70

One writer says the driving force behind this uprising was the hatred of foreign people/way/ideas; Ref 8 traces the immediate cause to the spring meeting of the cortes; the purpose of this meeting was to impose new taxes on Castile in order to pay for Chas' enormous expenses as Holy Roman Emperor;^8.71

Ávila's economy was already depressed by the effects of the plague & a recession in the wool trade; the price of bread had risen sharply & mob violence had already broken out;^8.71

Ávila's city council sent its representatives to the cortes with the mandate to win certain concessions; none of the concessions were granted when the cortes convened at the end of May^8.71

Ávila's city council members Diego de Bracamonte, Francisco de Pajares, Gil Suarez, Fernan DÁvila, Suero del Aguila et al elect to repudiate the city's vote at the cortes, to refuse to pay the subsidy, & to begin meeting with Toledo about the problem^8.72

The clergy, including the dean of the cathedral chapter, joined in the revolt; the Santa Junta of Castilian Cities met in Ávila's cathedral 7/29/20^8.72ff

The common people also joined the revolt; in July they sack the houses of the 2 regidores who voted for the new taxes at the cortes^8.73ff

A revolutionary junta replaces the city council; it insists that parish reps elect the city's 2 delegates to the cortes: one delegate to represent the nobles & one for the commoners; they also propose that nobles pay taxes like everyone else^8.74

Sept: a bloody uprising in Medina del Campo; several regidores are murdered; Suero del Aguila & Fernan DÁvila are captured; they offer to serve as intermediaries between the Crown & the rebels; Ávila's elite begin to abandon the cause^8.74ff

In Ávila Bp Ruiz founds Hospital of San Lazaro which specialized in treatment of leprosy^8.60

Water shortages were common in Ávila;^8.58 Incarnation was in a prolonged legal dispute over access to certain fountains; this dispute lasted into the 1800s; in the '20s the city constructed new fountains, pipes, & wells^8.58

Raphael dies

The women Carmelites in Florence receive the black veil; this was a sign of their obligation to recite the divine office in choir and of capitular rights. The monastery of St Mary of the Angels was the future home of Mary Magdalen de' Pazzi.^32.28

"The Art of Serving God" by de Madrid published in Seville^1a291

5/8 St Peter Canisius born in Nijmegen;

6/15 Excommunication of Luther: he appears before Chas V at the Diet and refuses to recant; he is declared an outlaw; he spends a year of "enforced leisure" in a castle in Wartburg; translates NT into Ger.; Luther rested his argument on the authority of the Bible therefore he needed to make the Bible available to the public; this codifies Ger as a language.

Henry completes his book against Luther, "Defense of the Seven Sacraments. Pope awards Henry VIII title of "Defender of the Faith" for his work.

Leo X approves Constitutions of 3rd Order sisterhoods with simple vows;

5/20 Ignatius Loyola wounded by cannon shot at Pamplona; one leg wounded; other broken; it heals unevenly--he won't look good in hose & boots so has surgeon saw off protruding bone and systematically stretch leg; he is bored during recovery so reads holy books (no others around). 8/21 Our Lady appears to him & he is converted.

May: Definitive defeat of the Comuneros at Villalar; Suero del Aguila, Fernan DÁvila, & Francisco de Pajares returned to Chas' service^8.75

June: war breaks out between Chas & the French at Navarre; noble participants in the uprising eagerly support Chas to demonstrate their return to loyalty^8.75

Chas V imposes huge fines on or confiscates the property of the Comuneros; some of them were still paying off their fines into the '30s; the city was still paying its fines for nearly 20 yrs^8.76

Oct: 11 of Ávila's artisans were executed for their participation in the uprising^8.76

Nov: Ávila's city council begins planning for public granary as a way to supply the poor with food in a famine &prevent further civil unrest^8.61

Cortez completes conquest of Mexico^31.27

Discovery of the Philippines;

B of T's bro Jeronimo^1a287

Aug: The Cepeda bros win their plieto^8.67

3/25 Ignatius Loyola goes to Our Lady's shrine at Montserrat; following the rites of chivalry he offers himself to her as her knight; next he goes to town of Manresa for 10 months--prayer & hospice work;

Francis Borgia becomes court page

Zwingli begins his reform in Zurich^1c83

Luther's translation of the NT into German vernacular is published^1c83

Rhodes falls to the Turks;

Magellan's crew completes circumnavigation

Carmel

Ávila creates the new job of public defender to assist the poor with their law suits & other public affairs^8.76

GC at Venice elects Nicholas Audet Gen'l (1524-1562)^32.56 & revises Const.

de Madrid's "Arte de servir a Dios";

Mar: Ig Loyola now in Barcelona studying Latin

The major voices opposed to affective mental prayer were univ. theologians, esp the OP's of Salamanca; this group is known as the letrados^31.52

Ignatius forbidden to preach for 3 years (other sources date this to 1527);

The 1st group of Alumbrados are tried by the Inquisition;

Sept: Francis Xavier starts study at Univ of Paris

2/24 Emperor Charles captures Francois I of France & imprisons him in Madrid for a year

May: Ig Loyola goes to univ at Alcala de Henares; he starts preaching about the gospel

Turkish Sultan Suleiman II defeats Hungarian army; Hungarian King Louis II killed in battle; Chas bro Ferdinand elected the new king of Hungary

Erasmus' "Enchiridion" is published; it is a manual of the Xtian knight; it is examined by the council of Valladolid;

Osuna's "Third Spiritual Alphabet" is published in Madrid^{8.116; 1a289 says it was (also?) published that year in Toledo}

May: Ig Loyola jailed for 42 days by Inquisition while they examined his doctrine; he was untrained & unordained at the time. They found him orthodox, but forbade any further teaching in public; they ordered him to stop wearing pilgrim's garb; July: Ig Loyola goes to Salamanca to study & preach; within 2 weeks Dominicans imprison & question him; he was released after 22 days and told he could teach simple theological concepts to children, but not more complex ones to adults; feeling unwelcome, he left

In the debate between the espirituales and the letrados, the Dominicans figured prominently in the letrados group. They stressed the outward ceremonies & duties of the church; they also emphasized vocal choral prayer as the appropriate form for religious; the Dominicans were firmly in control of the theology faculty at the Univ of Salamanca^8.142ff

Pope Clement VII published a decree detaching the 40 Hours devotion from "watching at the grave" after Holy Thursday & estb it as a separate Eucharistic cult.

Birth in Avila of Juan de Avila; he began to study theology & philosophy at the Dominican college of St Thomas but ran away to Andalusia for 2 years.^37.124

Fr & Sp at war in Italy; Chas can't pay his troops so they march on Rome to pillage city for booty/pay;

Henry VIII tells Wolsey to make his 1st move to obtain annulment for Henry, but his wife is aunt of Chas, & pope is now under his power in Rome;

The Cortes of Castile refuses to provide financial support for the war against the pope; Chas mortgages to Portugal Sp interests in the Moluccas to get more $

T's mother dies 11/24;^1a287 she had named Francisco de Pajares & Francisco's daughter Maria's husband the executors of her will^8.66

T's father pledges 2 fanegas of wheat to the municipal granary; the largest contribution was 50 fanegas^8.16

Ref 26 says that in May Francis Borgia's travel group is delayed in Alcala de Henares by the Inquisition which was in the process of arresting Ignatius Loyola, a university student; it is the 1st meeting of the 2 saints. Borgia was en route to Valladolid to enter Emperor's service

Henry begins to claim, as king, responsibility for the spiritual welfare of his people;

Albrecht Durer dies;

Cortez lands in Mexico at Palos & meets Pizarro; he had just returned from Spain where he had been received by Emperor Chas at Toledo; Cortez had brought conquered Aztec & Tlascalan chiefs with him to Toledo; Cortez was in high favor with Emperor & appeared with him on all public occasions

Inquisition arrests Francisca Hernandez, an alumbrada in Valladolid^1a8

July: Francis Borgia marries; he is made a marquis & given royal favors;

Ig Loyola joins 2 roommates: Peter Faber & Francis Xavier

Fall of Wosley; Sir Thos. More made Lord Chancellor; Reformation Parliament convened;

Turks lay siege to Vienna but are driven back;

At Chas direction Ger Diet passes a law denying Ger princes rt to choose official religion for their districts; the princes protested;

Fr & Sp sign peace Treaty of Cambrai

Renewal of measures against the Alumbrados;

Angela Merici, age 56, settles in Brescia, It; she was a Franciscan Tertiary who had gone on pilgrimage to Jerusalem & Rome; she gathers around her 12 women to begin her project;

Borgia's 1st child is born; Borgia, his wife & son associate with Dominicans at Ávila

Pizarro in Madrid looking for money for conquest of Peru; Intellectual Spain beginning to feel division between Erasmites and anti-Erasmites;

Henry begins to deny that Rome has jurisdiction in his divorce case;

T & Rodrigo write "The Knights of Ávila";

7/13 T sent to our Lady of Grace, Augustinian, where she is befriended by the nun Dona Maria de Briceno y Contreras^{1a288, 1c83}

Fernando joins Pizarro in Peru

Calvin begins reform activities in Paris;^31.27

Pizarro begins conquest of Peru;^1c83

May, Empress Isabella & Philip II in Ávila for ceremonies;

Ger princes form the Catholic League & the Protestant League of Smalkalden for protection

The Augustinian convent of Nuestra Senora de Gracia, where T studied, was one of the smallest & strictest in Ávila; it had only 14 professed nuns^8.112

Antonio Heredia ordained at 22^37.121

Convocation of the English Clergy cedes to Henry their independence =>Henry becomes head of the Church of Eng; More resigns; 1532-40 Cromwell essentially runs the govt of England;

Turks advance on Austria again; Chas drops his plans to crush Protestantism in order to join Ferdinand in stopping the Turks

T reads "Letters of Jerome" with Don Pedro

By now the nuns at the Incarnation had stopped their night vigils for Robles soul; his family found out about it & threatened to stop payments on the will; the nuns had to re-start their night vigils^8.51

Eng Parliament passes act in restraint of appeals declaring "imperial" status of realm; Convocation of Clergy declares Henry's marriage null; Henry marries Anne Boleyn; birth of Montaigne; 4/22 Emperor Chas returns to Barcelona, Spain after a 4 yr absence

Holy Cross of Lucca, a monastery of nuns, founded in Naples; it was founded by Ippolito Giunta, a member of Carmine Maggiore, and financed by Andrew Sbarra & his wife Cremona Spinelli^32.60

Easter Ig Loyola earns MA at Univ/Paris; 8/15 Ig et al take vows at Monmartre; it is the beginnings of the SJ's; Ig models his program of clerical reform on the one developed by John of Ávila; Ig had often corresponded with Juan de Ávila; SJ's stressed bonds of obedience & commitment over those of birth & privilege; SJ's stressed mental prayer over choral prayer in service to benefice; stressed service to wider community over economic dependence on & service to particular family; in his Constitutions Ig wrote, "The extrinsic gifts of nobility, wealth, reputation and the like are not necessary when the others (moral virtues) are present, just as they do not suffice if those others are lacking."^8.88

Louis of Grenada publishes Prayer & Meditation (in our library);

B of Balthazar Alvarez in Cervera;

Borgia travels from Valladolid to Toledo to Ávila & back to Valladolid

Act of Supremacy passed by Eng. Parliament; this formalizes 1532 Submission of the Clergy; Succession Acts: the realm now "imperial" as sovereign national state; monarch now head of Church of England reclaiming spiritual authority given by God, but usurped by popes.

Reference 6b431-32, 11.47, 12.44, 25.245, 26.63ff, 196

11/2 T enters Incarnation^1c83 with help of her bro Antonio; there are 180 nuns already there;^31.34 T had a good friend here as well as several acquaintances & relatives; the nuns here upheld the distinctions of social rank & lineage; lower born sisters slept in dormitories; the wealthy lived in their own quarters sometimes with servants or slaves;^{8.42, 112ff} their cells could be bought & sold^31.34-35 ; the 1432 mitigation of the Rule did not require renunciation of possessions & some nuns received considerable revenues from property; these nuns lived in a style very similar to their lives at home;^8.114 daughters of every leading family in Ávila are members;^31.34 even as a nun T at first wears velvet

Birth of Antonia del Espiritu Santo Henao in Avila; she is the daughter of Felipe de Arevalo & Elvira Diez de Henao ^37.120

Thos More & John Fisher martyred;

8/8 the bishop of Brescia approves Primitive Rule of St Angela; it was the 1st in Western Church to be written by a woman for women;

11/25 Angela & 27 other women form their "Company" under the patronage of St Ursula by receiving communion together at mass & signing name in special book. They took a private vow of chastity which was not made to the bishop, lived at home, had no habit but modest dress; obedience; desire for profound interior life nourished by prayer; her rule gave no specific work, but "apostolic in character"; they taught in homes; Merici wrote, "If according to time & needs you should be obliged to make fresh rules & change certain things, do it with prudence & on good advice; let your 1st refuge ever be at the feet of Jesus Christ."

Dec: Ig Loyola arrives in Venice; he studies theology, preaches, & works in hospital;

Aug: Emperor Chas captures Tunis;

8/30 Henry VIII excommunicated

There was no enclosure at Incarnation & as many as 50 nuns at a time could be away when resources were scant

T's bro Rodrigo (?)helps found Buenos Aires, but T was mistakenly informed of his death;

T's bro Antonio applied to the Dominicans but was rejected for lack of parental consent; he then joined the Jeronimites but left for health reasons

1536-39, monasteries suppressed in Eng;

Evidence of a monastery of nuns in Aracena, Sp; they were enclosed & under the Bp^32.42ff

Antonio Heredia made prior at La Moraleja; he will later return to Requena to be prior there ^37.121

8/8 the bishop of Brescia approves Primitive Rule of St Angela

Calvin takes up Zwinglis's work^1c34 & begins to organize reformed churches: equality of all ministers; ea congregation organized as a separate unit choosing its own minister from those duly ordained; only later was a natl. org formed = ministers/elders from ea. cong; this was the seed for Amer democracy; Calvin's Institutes of the Xtian Religion pub^1c34

Peru conquered;

Apr: Francis of France invades Piedmont=>war against Emperor; Borgia, Geo de Mello, & Ruy Gomez de Silva (later Prince of Eboli) join forces to support the Emp.

Thru the efforts of the friars of Escacena, the srs from Seville found a convent in Paterna del Campo^32.43

The Augustinian monastery of St Lucy in Ferrara takes the Carmelite rule under the Mantuan Congregation^32.59ff

Society

1538-39, the 38 Carmelite houses in England are dissolved

The 8th & last child born to the Borgias

Society

July: T returns to father's house seriously ill;^1c84

8/15-19 T lapses into coma;^1a289 returns to Incarnation paralyzed; paralysis lasts until 4/42;^1c84 ref 37 says paralysis lasts until the summer of 42 and then she experience intermittent bouts of paralysis for 12 more yrs.^37.4

1539-41 most of the Carmelite houses in Ireland (about 25) are suppressed, tho the men remained active in the country;

English Carmelite houses now all closed;

6/24 Ig Loyola gives Pope Paul a summary description of his proposed order; in Sept the pope gives his oral approval; Araoz is 1st SJ to visit Spain;

8/24 F. Borgia becomes Viceroy of Catalonia; his family is billeted in a house belonging to the bishop, Don Juan de Carbona

Antonio Araoz joins the Jesuits ^37.122

Mercator's map of the world;

Francis I of Fr transferred jurisdiction over the great majority of cases from the ecclesiastical courts to the royal courts. This power over the church & its wealth & the powers over appts gained in 1516 gave Francis enough control that he didn't want/need to break with Rome.

Sometime in the '40's the nuns at Incarnation start negotiations with their Robles' benefactors to stop having all night vigils for the repose of Bernardo Robles' soul^8.51

Const. of Congregation of Mantua are printed

Birth of Ana de San Pedro Wasteels in Flanders; she married Matias de Guzman y Davila & lived in Avila.^37.119

9/24 official approval of SJ const;

Following John de Ávila, Gaspar Daza begins to gather around him the core of a 'reform party': Francis Salcedo; Gonzalo de Aranda; Francis de Guzman; Julian of Ávila, who became T's biographer; Hernando Alvarez; Mari Diaz; Pedro de las Cuevas, who was related to T's mother;^8.85ff

In the late '40s Julian de Ávila spent several yrs in Grenada & Seville; it was there that he probably came into contact with Juan de Ávila's doctrine; he then returned to Ávila & joined Daza; they worked as a team doing missions according to Maestro Ávila's methods: while Gaza preached Julian heard confessions

These people were involved in virtually every religious reform of the day in Ávila;

Juan de Ávila & possibly G. Daza had converso roots^8.85

By mid-century, the religious reform movements begin to articulate a different kind of piety: personal conversion, penitence, concern for the poor. Traditional monastic piety => endowments for continuous vocal prayers on behalf of benefactors^8.78

Peter of Alcantara begins Franciscan reform; he is a friar from Extremadura; he eventually writes Book of Prayer and Meditation; he follows the teachings of Juan de Ávila^8.124

completion of Irish Carmelite suppression

Pedro DÁvila builds a magnificent palace in Ávila

Birth of El Greco (Domenikos Theotokopoulos); he worked at 1st in Crete

Valdivia estb's Santiago in Chile;^1c84

Calvin begins his reform in Geneva;^1c84

Knox starts reform in Scotland^1c84

T gives up prayer;^1c84

In Peru T's bros Lorenzo & Jerome align themselves with Don Blasco; he was a native of Ávila; his brother Francisco was T's godfather

St John of the Cross (6/24/42-1591) born in Fontiveros^1c84

A group of convertite join the order as cloistered nuns under the Congregation in Ferrara^32.60

Robert Bellarmine (10/4/42-1621)

Araoz, SJ makes 2nd visit to Spain; Eleanor Borgia listens to his sermons in Barcelona & in impressed; on 7/18 F Borgia writes I Loyola trying to keep Araoz in Spain, but Pope sends him elsewhere

Chas V named Don Blasco, who was from Ávila, the Viceroy of Peru; his task was to subject the rebellious Sp conquistadors & protect the Indians; Blasco was imprudent & violent;

T cares for sick father & assists him in his death:^1c84 12/26/43 he dies^1a290 in great debt

Within the year all 7 of T's bros are in the Americas; (however #31 says Augustin sails for America in 1546)

T goes to confession to Vincent Barron; she never gives up prayer again

Birth of Ana de Jesus Jimena, presumably in Segovia ^37.115

Church

Another unsuccessful attempt to move San Segundo's remains to Ávila's cathedral^8.174

de la Vega's "Eglogas";

5/8 St Peter Canisius joins SJ's;

Vesalius' "On the Construction of the Human Body" based on human dissection

6/9 pope approves A. Merici's Rule as one for a "company" & not an order;

July: Peter Faber goes to Portugal to estb the SJ's there;

F Borgia asks Araoz, SJ, to start a school at Gandia

Nov: Francis Borgia founds & funds an SJ college in Gandia;

Dec 13: Council of Trent opens; most of the council fathers were Spaniards

T's bro Augustin leaves for America with Pedro de la Gasca^1c84

Suitability of translating Bible into vernacular debated at Trent; no decision reached; Spain on its own includes vernacular editions of Bible on its Index of forbidden books;^1b208 it was permissible to provide translations of scriptural passages in spiritual books; this was done at great length

Arrest & trial of M de la Cruz, a Poor Clare alumbrada who confessed to devil worship;

3/27 Francis Borgia's wife Eleanor dies as the Passion is read to her; 5/2-4 Peter Faber visits Francis at Gandia; Faber goes to Trent to become Papal Theologian; 6/2 Borgia vows to become an SJ as soon as he can arrange temporal affairs for their 8 children

Chas opens war on League of Schmalkalden, vanquishes the princes of the League & suppresses Protestantism in their states, but it is too late;

Birth of Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe; (he made large accurate telescopes)

Carmel

H Alvarez endows the Children of Xtian Doctrine at San Millan; Alvarez is related by marriage to several of the men in Daza's circle; this school follows the methodology of Julian de Ávila: poor boys were given food, lodging, & education; it was hoped that some of them would be inspired with Xtian purpose & go on to be priests; this school => some of Ávila's earliest SJ's; they studied further at the Sem of San Millan^8.86ff

Trent uses image of Church as Mother; it passes into common contemporary usage;

Feb, Peter Canisius becomes theological consultant at Council of Trent;

SJ province est'b in Spain; Araoz apptd. provincial; there are 41 SJ's in 7 houses; 11 SJ's are in Gandia^26.150

Birth of Cervantes;

Chas signs peace treaty with Turks recognizing their possession of the greater part of Hungary;

Chas defeats Protestant princes in Germany at battle of Muhlberg^26.157

1548 - 8/26/83 Alberta Bautista Ponce de Leon is born in Medina ^37.110

2/1 Francis Borgia secretly takes 1st vows as SJ

Lorenzo, Jeronimo, & Agustin fight in the battle of Xaquixaguana with de Gasca against Pizarro;^1c85

Prior Caspar Doroler of Cologne composes a rule for the beguines at Butgasse^32.59

7/15 F Borgia at service of Emperor Philip to help him raise $ in Spain;

8/15 F Xavier arrives in Japan;

11/13 Peter Canisius arrives in Germany to restore Catholicism thru education & preaching

11/20 Pope Paul III dies;^1c85

1st Book of Common Prayer issued