Important Dates in Carmel 1550-1600

1550

Carmel Miguel de Torres, SJ, while traveling thru Ávila was called upon to mediate a dispute between richer & poorer nuns at Incarnation; it was Ávila's 1st contact with the SJs^8.90'

Church 2/7 Julius III elected pope^1c85

Society Pop of Ávila > 10K

Reference 25.353,452: 26.184ff

Church Valdes publishes first Index;^1b208 most spiritual works written in Spanish placed on it;

Carmel Holy Cross of Lucca founds a monastery for nuns in Putignano^32.60

Church 12/3 Francis Xavier dies;

Society B of Edmund Spenser

Reference 17.113, 26.233ff

Carmel T's sister Juana marries Juan de Ovalle in Alba de Tormes;^1c85 Alvarez' de Aguila's (see below) cousin Catalina = wife of T's uncle Pedro;^8.94 his cousin Ana = wife of Francisco de Pajares, the regidor; he was a friend of T's uncle Alonso; their daughter Maria = T's godmother; his sister Mencia = wife of F. Salcedo;^8.94ff she is the daughter of T's uncle Ruy;^8.67 (The refs do not state this, but is Alvarez Ruy's son & T's cousin?)

Church SJ's, Juan de Pradavos, Luis de Medina & Hernando Alvarez found College of San Gil in Ávila; shared desire for an educated clergy being expressed at Trent;^8.90

Society Edward VI dies; Mary Tudor becomes queen

Church England reconciled to Holy See;

Society Philip II marries Mary Tudor

Carmel c 1555 T meets Dona Guiomar de Ulloa^31.83 at church of San Gil; T stays with her for 3 years; they are introduced to one another by B Alvarez

Birth of Ana de San Agustin Pedruja in Vallodalid ^37.117

Church Mar: Pope Julius III dies^1c85

Society Treaty of Augsburg allows rulers of German states to choose the religion of their territories^1c85

Carmel May, T's spiritual betrothal^1c85

Church 7/31 Ignatius dies in Rome;^1c85

Society In the face of defeat in Ger. Chas decides to abdicate; he couldn't persuade electors to accept his son Philip as new emperor so he is forced to split his inheritance: Ger Hapsburg lands go to his bro Ferdinand who had ruled them since 1521. The Spanish & Burgundian lands go to Philip. Chas retires to a Sp monastery

Carmel Rodrigo crosses Andes & dies in Chile^1c85

Church The Dominican Michele Ghisleri made Inquisitor-Gen'l of Roman Church;

Society Spanish war with France; Aug. Philip defeats French in Battle of San Quentin

Carmel Peter of Alcantara visits Ávila frequently in the '50's;^8.124 he founded a reformed friary on Dona Guiomar's property; in '58 or '59 he stays at Dona G's & she arranges for T to meet him;^{1a299, 8.124ff} T describes him "to be made of nothing but roots & trees;"^32.49 she writes a gen'l confession for him; Peter had visions and raptures himself and thus immediately recognized a kindred spirit; he offers to talk with B Alvarez & Daza-Aranda on her behalf; later he also intercedes with Bp Mendoza; over the next few years he writes to T several times insisting that she found her convent in complete poverty with no fixed income;^8.125

Church B Alvarez in Ávila from '58-67;^8.92

Society Chas V dies;

Carmel T's intellectual visions of Christ begin^1c85

Church Pius IV elected pope^1c85

Society Spaniards forbidden to study in foreign univs; Spain virtually closed

Carmel T's imaginative visions of the risen X begin; she is ordered to mock the visions by showing the fig^1c85

Church Alvaro de Mendoza Bp of Ávila until 1577^8.168

Society Philip II marries Eliz of Valois, moves court to Madrid

Carmel 1/25 T's vision of sacred humanity of X;

Church A household survey counts several beatas living in Ávila^8.98

Society Birth of poet Gongara & Francis Bacon

Carmel Jan-June: T resides in Toledo at Dona L's^1c86

Church 1562-98 The War of Religion between RC's & Huguenots in France;^1c86 many religious houses destroyed

Society Birth of Lope de Vega

Carmel 1/63 Rubeo/Rossi R/R named Vicar-General^37.11

Church 25th & last session of Council of Trent; decree on religious & nuns; regs on endowments, enclosure, episcopal licenses for foundations, minimum age for joining; Trent renewed "Periculoso" with some modification; "Any legitimate cause approved by the Bishop" was legitimate cause for egress. So on the one hand, all nuns without exception who made profession were held to cloister, it still greatly mitigated the rules for egress.

Carmel 64-65: T writes 2nd redaction of Life^1a18

Church c1564: M Diaz moves to a small chamber in front of the main altar at the Church of San Millan; even though cloistered, she taught the city's poor children their basic prayers, she had spiritual conversations with the seminarians, & she gathered around herself a group of young women who came to her for their moral education; she lead a life of self-denial & prayer & stayed enclosed here until her death in 1572^8.100ff

Society Calvin dies in Geneva;^31.29 Michelangelo dies^1c86

Carmel Jan: Hernando dies in Colombia^1c86

Church 2/2: Pedro Ibanez dies^1a302

Society Birth of Mme Acarie;

Isabel de Aragon y de Cardona, daughter of the Duke & Duchess of Montalto marries the 5^th Duk of Medinaceli, i.e. Don Juan Luis de la Cerda, nephew of Dona Luisa de la Cerda^37.122

Carmel 1st redaction of The Way of Perfection;^{1b17, 1c87} it will be kept at Escorial; 2nd redaction kept at Valladolid;

Church Jan: Michele Ghisleri, who had been Grand Inquisitor, becomes Pope Pius V;^1c87 he purged curia & reformed public life; 5/29 papal bull "Circa Pastoralis" enforcing rigid enclosure on all religious women abrogating both their own rules^5.42 & Leo X's Const for Tertiaries; many loopholes closed in Trent doc; all professed nuns were to take solemn vows; those who wouldn't weren't allowed to receive novices; tertiaries who lived alone or at home were exempt from CP; CP was extended by custom to any group of women living in community even if they were not technically tertiaries; CP did not explicitly address itself to this situation; CP did allow non-professed lay srs to beg; para 5 also allowed professed srs to do so when there were no lay srs to beg^32.57

Society Reports of the French Calvinists' activities circulate widely in Spain^31.29

Carmel Alonso Gonzalez, the Castilian provincial, deputes Antonio Heredia to make visitations for him ^37.121

The friars in Andalusia appeal to King Philip; he endorses their request to the pope to be placed under the ordinary;^37.13

Church Nobrega & Anchieta, SJ's, found settlement which => Rio de Janeiro; Anchieta writes dramas for his students to perform & is considered the father of Brazilian national lit

Society The town of Medina del C had population of 16K; it was the site of mercantile fairs; there were 18 convents & 9 hospitals

Carmel Jan: T leaves Medina for Alcala to visit new monastery of Maria de Jesus^1c87

Church G Daza, Julian of Ávila, M Diaz proposed to the Bp that the Seminary of San Millan be started; it was Ávila's 1st Tridentine sem; the Bp agrees & allocates $ for it; he lets Gaza handle the details; within a few yrs the school has a rector & 6 poor boys^{8.105ff, 168}

Society Moorish uprisings in Grenada^1c87

Philip II sends Abrosio [MdSB] Azaro to Andalusia to determine the feasibility of making the Guadalquivir navigable from Seville to Cordoba and of irrigating the Aranjuez region.^37.112

Carmel 1/8 R/R writes of T: "She is more profitable to the Order than all the Carmelite friars in Spain."^37.12

Antonia del Aguila, a nun from the Incarnation, helps T make this fndatn.^37.107 Ana de los Angeles Gomez is the first prioress;^37.114

6/23 fndatn for nuns in Pastrana;^1c88 Peers dates this 6/28^37.26 Antonia del Aguila, a nun from the Incarnation, helps T make this fndatn.^37.107 Ana de Jesus Contreras, who took the habit at Medina, goes as a novice with Baltasar de Jesus, Isabel de San Jeronimo, and Jeronimo de San Agustin to the new foundatn at Pastrana; she then transferred to Malagon where she was the first nun to make profession; from there she went to Toledo where she had many spiritual trials with led some to conclude that she was possessed.^37.115

Ana de San Alberto Salcedo, daughter of Alonso de Avila & Ana de Salcedo & native to Malagon is one of the first group to make profession there. ^37.117

Church 7/31 SJ's transfer Ignatius' body to the new Gesu; they had already lost Peter Faber's body, so it wasn't transferred

Carmel 1/6 Agustin [dlR] Carrasco takes the habit at Pastrana^37.108

Church 2/1: in "Decori" Pius V est'bd absolute criteria for nuns egress from cloister: epidemic, leprosy, & extensive fire; permission req'd in writing from both local superior & bishop; for the 1st time the law included a sanction: excommunication; absolution was reserved to the pope except when in danger of death; those who aided/abetted were also excommunicated; some professed & extern nuns still allowed to collect alms from the faithful;

Society Nicholas Doria, a Genoese banker, comes to Sp to do business in Seville; ^{37.26, 206}

Carmel F Salcedo begins economic support of Incarnation;

Church Very severe anti-Catholic laws in Eng; English RC's emigrating to Low Countries;

Society Spring, locusts attack crops in province of Ávila => widespread famine; regidores send financial assistance to villages; they control price of bread^8.154

Carmel 1/19 T receives vision of B.V.M.

Church Another unsuccessful attempt to move San Segundo's remains to Ávila's cathedral^8.174

Nov, d of Maria Diaz; huge crowds of people from all social levels attended the 9 days of services^8.104ff

Society Pop of Ávila peaks at 12-13K => pop doubles in T's lifetime;^8.54 the city begins to feel the effects of overcrowding^8.153

Revolt against Spanish domination in the Low Countries^31.30

Carmel Feb: R/R gives the Count of Tendilla license for a priory at Mondejar^37.23

Church Francis Borgia, SJ Gen'l dies;

Society Philip recalls Duke of Alba from the Netherlands; he had ruled ruthlessly there for 6 years. The duke was replaced by the more temperate Luis de Requesens. When the duke returned to Spain he was received coldly by the king and retired to his estates at Uceda.^37.109-10 Intermittent fighting in the Netherlands will continue until 1609 with the Dutch victory;

Carmel 1/5 Nuestra Senora de los Remedios, discalced priory, founded in Triana, Seville; the Archbp had given them a disused hermitage; Jeronimo Gracian is prior & Azaro is novice master; the calced formally protest to Gracian that R/R had forbidden fndatns in Andalusia; they also point out that he did not consult R/R for this one; Gracian doesn't budge; the friars now complain to R/R himself; but these are the same friars who complained so bitterly about R/R's reforms in '67;^37.25-26

3/19 Julian de Ávila, Isbl de Jesus, JoC, & T make fndatn in Segovia;^1c88 Peers writes that Antonia del Aguila, a nun from the Incarnation, also helps T make this fndatn. Ill health forces her return to the Incarnation.^37.108 The house was leased for them by the widow Ana de Jimena; the bp had given verbal permission to a 3rd party; the bp was away at this time; the vicar-gen'l was very upset and came in a rage threatening to imprison JoC for saying mass there; T writes, "after we had paid out a great deal of money, everything was arranged" !!^37.22

The carms abandon celebrating the feast of Albert of Jerusalem; it will be taken up again in 1609^33.74

Antonio de la Madre de Dios goes with Ana de Jesus Lobera to Beas. At that time he was a Hieronymite and court preacher. Ana so impressed him that he joined the reform & became a missionary.^37.122

Church 1574-1577 Baltasar Alvarez, SJ rector of the colleges at Salamanca & Villagarcia de Campos; while there his teaching on prayer became controversial& was referred to the SJ General for review; his teaching on prayer was prohibited ^37.111

Carmel Jan: R/R again writes T asking for info about all of the in-fighting among the friars; the letter doe not reach her until 6/75^37.27

Church Inquisition focuses on Alumbrados in Andalusia; B Alvarez ordered to write refutation of Alumbrados' mistakes

Reference 13.267ff, 311; 15.127-8; 17.253

Carmel 1/1 fndatn at Caravaca by Ana of St Albert;^1c89 Ambrosio de San Pedro may have accompanied the nuns of this fndatn;^37.113 Ana de San Alberto Salcedo is the 1^st prioress and served continuously until 1591; she served two more terms later; Ana met JoC there and there is an extant letter from him to her; Juan Evangelista was her confessor there;^37.118

6/23/76 T arrives in Toledo;^1c89 Peers says she stays there a full year;^37.47 R/R's order of 5/21/75 for T to retire to Castile, left the choice of convent to T; Gracian had ordered her to return to San Jose to finish her term as prioress; however T elected [probably with Gracian's approval] to stay in Toledo. Peers points out that the climate suited her better and that she did not get many visitors there; moreover the head [one Figueredo] of the courier service [Correo Mayor] was a friend and she could easily carry on her correspondence from there;^37.46-47

Church 6/18 nuncio Ormaneto dies ^37.43

Society Death of Titian

Carmel After his studies, Agustin [dlR] Carrasco moves to Almodovar.^37.108

6/28 The Bp of Avila is transferred to Palencia; T interrupts writing Castle to transfer the jurisdiction over San Jose from the ordinary to the order; by then Gracian was Apostolic Visitor to the Reform; ^37.47

July: T goes from Toledo to San Jose in Avila; she stays there until 6/79^37.47-48

mid-July: T overcomes the Bp's resistance to losing jurisdiction over San Jose & she goes there;^37.47

7/27 Dona G de Ulloa, who was granted the original brief for the fndatn of San Jose, writes the Bp & requests the transfer of the jurisdiction to the order;^37.47

7/28 Ulloa's petition is read to the community at San Jose and they approve the request!^37.47

8/2 the Bp approves the transfer; ^37.48

August: Filippo Sega arrives in Spain as the new papal nuncio; his previous assignment was in the Low Countries with Don Juan of Austria; he is related to Buoncompagni; Buoncompagni had spoken to him against the reform, & T complains that his mind had been "poisoned", & so Sega starts condemning, imprisoning, & exiling the discalced;^{37.43 & 222}

Tostado claims power under Sega's authority & decrees that no new fndatns can be made, that all discalced houses are to have a calced prior, & that all current discalced priors are to report to him; he was pretty much ignored;^37.43-44

Tostado orders JoC & German de San Matias to leave the Incarnation; Peers says he did this "on Ormaneto's death"; so perhaps this happened in July; they refuse claiming that Fernandez had sent them; he was still functioning as "Reformer" of the order under the authority of Ormaneto, & Sega had not [yet] revoked this authority; Madonado, prior at Toledo, tries to convince JoC to renounce the reform; the discalced begin to worry that Maldonado will resort to force; to protect JoC they consider making him prior of Mancera, a monastery recognized by the Chapter of Piacenza; they also attempted to guard the two; however JoC & German are abducted before the plan for transfer could be realized [see Dec]^37.48-49

The next flash point becomes Gracian: Did his authority lapse with the death of Ormaneto or did he still have the powers of visitator? Gracian visits Sega who grudgingly acknowledges that his papers are in order; Sega tells Gracian that he may continue his work, but that he should keep Sega informed; Gracian fumes about having to report to Sega; he consults theologians & bps; Gracian again tries to hand in his resignation to King Philip, but Phil tells him to do nothing until he consults the pope; Sega fusses & storms because Gracian won't follow his orders; the pope's letter comes back saying that Sega is not to mess with religious orders unless invited to do so by the king; Sega fusses & fumes some more & threatens to return to Rome; Gracian decides to lie low for about a year to let the dust settle;^37.44-45

Some of the reform minded friars take this retirement as a sign of defeat & return to the calced; Br Miguel de la Columna & Baltasar Nieto both begin to make severe charges against Gracian; Columna had been punished for speaking ill of the nuns at Paterna;^37.45

Tostado orders JoC & German de San Matias to leave the Incarnation; Peers says he did this "on Ormaneto's death"; so perhaps this happened in July; they refuse claiming that Fernandez had sent them; he was still functioning as "Reformer" of the order under the authority of Ormaneto, & Sega had not [yet] revoked this authority; Madonado, prior at Toledo, tries to convince JoC to renounce the reform; the discalced begin to worry that Maldonado will resort to force; to protect JoC they consider making him prior of Mancera, a monastery recognized by the Chapter of Piacenza; they also attempted to guard the two; however JoC & German are abducted before the plan for transfer could be realized [see Dec]^37.48-49

9/4 [or 10/8; date disputed] At Paterna Columna makes a formal retraction before witness of his charges; in it he says that he was compelled by force to sign a document written by others; for his part Nieto sends Gracian a letter of apology & retires to the Lisbon priory where he died having lost much prestige;^{37.46, 125}

9/18 Teresa, not having heard about the retractions, writes Philip on Gracian's behalf;^37.46

Oct T's term as prioress of San Jose ends; she fears she will be elected prioress of the Incarnation; 55 of the 99 nuns there vote for her, but the calced were determined to subvert the election; the Moraleja Chapter had elected Juan Gutierrez de Magdalena to replace Salazar as Castilian provincial; he supervised this election; as each of the pro-Teresa nuns handed him her vote, "he excommunicated her, and abused her, and pounded the voting-papers with his fist and struck them and burned them;"^37.47-48

Gutierrez declared Dona Ana de Toledo to have won the election, but rather than declaring her the prioress, he declares her the vicaress to T; the 55 majority refuse to recognize her authority;^37.48

The next day Gutierrez calls for another election; the nuns refuse to convene; Gutierrez excommunicates them again, declares Ana de Toledo elected, and sends the results to Tostado for confirmation;^37.48

Theologians were consulted about the validity of the excommunications; there was disagreement among them on the validity, but nonetheless the nuns were prohibited from receiving communion, hearing mass, or even entering the choir; ^37.48

The excommunicated appealed in vain to Tostado to ask the intervention of the Royal Council; T asked her friend Alonso de Aranda to intercede and either get the excommunication reversed or failing that T asked him to get Julian de Avila to convince the 55 to recognize Dona Ana;^37.48

Nov The King intervenes in the dispute; Tostado & Sega instruct Maldonado to go from Toledo to Avila to give the 55 absolution;^37.48

11/5 Chumacero, the fiscal procurator, deprives Tostado of his powers; this is immediately upheld by a royal provision; Tostado then returns to Rome;^37.40-41

11/30 T finishes The Interior Castle^37.49

December: Thru the intervention of the king and with the instructions of Tostado and Sega, Maldonado is sent from Toledo to Avila to absolve the 55 nuns at the Incarnation;^37.48

12/3 JoC & German are taken prisoner^1c89 on the charge that their refusal to obey Tostado was a "rebellion"; they were first taken to the calced monastery in Avila; Maldonado was staying there at the time because he had come to absolve the 55; they were kept there several days; German was taken by Valdemoro to La Moraleja; JoC was taken by Maldonado to Toledo;^37.49

At Toledo Tostado subjects JoC to an inquisition; JoC was imprisoned in a small, dark cell; he was fed bread, water, & scraps of salt fish; at first he was disciplined by the entire cmty on a daily basis & then later at longer intervals; he was requested & was allowed "paper & ink for the composing of a few things profitable to devotion"; while there he wrote In principio erat Verbum, The Spiritual Canticle, & some, or perhaps all, of the verses of The Dark Night; ^37.49

12/4 T writes a vigorous letter of protest to king on JoC's behalf; some authorities think she also visited the king; this is disputed; the king did nothing;^37.49-50

12/14 T breaks L arm for 1st time; she is at San Jose;^1c89 Another source has T still in Toledo; Peers dates this fracture to 12/24; after the fracture Blessed Anne of St Bartholomew Garcia becomes her constant companion & nurse ^37.118

Alberta Bautista Ponce de Leon elected prioress in Medina ^37.110

Brianda de Jesus, the prioress of Malagon, becomes ill and appoints Beatriz de Jesus Cepeda acting prioress; when Brianda left for Toledo, Gracian appoints Ana de la Madre de Dios de la Palma from Toledo to be the acting superior in Beatriz’ place; she seems to have been unsatisfactory in this position because Antonio [dJ] Heredia suggests that Brianda, still an invalid, should return; Ana eventually returns to Toledo and helps found Cuerva in 1585.^37.117

Church 6/18 nuncio Ormaneto dies;

8/29 new nuncio, Sega, arrives.

The SJ Gen'l censures Fr Alvarez. Among other strictures he was directed not to "spend time with women, especially Carmelite nuns;" he was told to teach only the mode of prayer set forth in the Exercises & was told to follow it himself. Around this time all SJ's were directed to disassociate themselves from Carmelite nuns.

End of Alvaro de Mendoza's reign as bp of Ávila

San Jose is removed from episcopal jurisdiction & put under Carmelite jurisdiction^31.162

Society 9/27 Covarrubias, president of the royal council, dies^37.52

Birth of Thos Morley;

Lavinia Fontana marries; her husband, an artist, gives up his career to become a house husband;

Birth of Reubens;

El Greco begins to paint the church of Santo Domingo in Toledo

1577 - 80 The Duke of Alba is imprisoned for the second time because of the matrimonial ventures of his son, the Duke of Huescar.^37.110

His secretary, Juan de Albornoz, is imprisoned with him. Juan’s wife is Ines de Nieto ^37.110

King Philip frees the duke 1580 so that he could lead the campaign against Portugal. ^37.110

Reference 11.48

Carmel Dona Guiomar enters San Jose, but doesn't persevere^8.166

Feb: Magdalena & Valdemoro spend 10 days at the Incarnation; the 55 had sent a memo to the calced Council complaining that their election of T had been negated; Magdalena & Valdemoro are there to get the nuns to withdraw the complaint; T doesn't want to be prioress there & so supports Magdalena & Valdemoro; other orders [notably the OPs] also counsel the nuns to withdraw; the nuns do; Magdalena goes to Madrid immediately to present the retraction; T asks Roque de Huerta also to get in touch with the Council on her behalf to insure that it receives the correct information; ^37.50

Mar German escapes from La Moraleja;^37.49

Lent: Gracian conducts missions near Alcala de Henares, Guadalajara, & Pastrana; Gracian lived as a hermit in some caves near the latter;^37.45

5/4 Ana de San Agustin Pedruja professed at Malagon ^37.117

May: King Philip by way of Pazos, the current president of the royal council, orders Gracian to start conducting visitations again; Gracian was not happy about this;^37.52

Pazos tells Gracian that if he needs to consult a higher authority, he should consult Pazos himself & not Sega, for the king has more authority than a representative of the pope; to this end Pazos gave Gracian a number of Royal Orders enabling him to make use of secular power anywhere; ^37.52

July: By now JoC is emaciated & exhausted but the floggings have nearly stopped; a new, young friar from Valladolid becomes his guard & gives him needles & thread to mend his clothes; this guard also allows JoC short exercise walks along the corridor;^37.50-51

7/2 Agustina del Espiritu Santo Alderete professes at Medina. She is the daughter of Alvaro Alderete, a Valladolid magistrate, and Juana Ortiz; she is a niece of Elena de Jesus Quiroga.^37.108

7/23 Sega issues a counter-brief takeing away Jeronimo Gracian's faculties as visitator;^1c89 he forbids giving obedience to Gracian or anyone else that Ormaneto had empowered; Sega, the nuncio, also assumed the right to govern the discalced, but delegated this authority to the calced;^37.51

Early August: Gracian makes a routine visitation at Valladolid; while there the nuncio's messengers arrive to notify him formally about the counter-brief; being fore-warned & fearing imprisonment, Gracian takes refuge at the Bp's place; assuming him to be there, the messengers go to St Alexis, the priory; they attempted without success to break down the door to gain admittance; failing this, the notary read the brief in a loud voice outside the priory & then returned to Madrid to report to Sega; Gracian heads back to Madrid also; ^37.52-53

8/3 Sega's messengers notify Mariano [MSB] Azaro about the counter-brief; ^37.53

8/8 T writes now things now are "as bad as they can possibly be";^37.51

8/9 T takes comfort in the hope that this would propel the creation of a separate discalced province forward; she also realizes that this would spare Gracian the trials of dealing with the calced, and will eliminate the possibility of his being poisoned;^37.51

Sega's messengers notify the nuns at San Jose about the counter-brief;^37.53

The counter counter-brief is issued; i.e. the royal council forbids OCDs to obey Sega; most OCDs had been obeying Sega & some cont'd to do so anyway; the royal council prohibited Sega from circulating his briefs; they confirmed Gracian as visitator & promise him civil protection if necessary; Sega was only seeking Gracian's excommunication however;^{1c89, 37.53}

8/10 T sends Julian de Avila to Madrid to ask Sega not to give the calced the right to govern the OCDs; she also writes letters to others asking them to intervene with Sega to improve his relationship with Gracian;^37.52

8/12 Gracian stops to see T at San Jose on his way to Madrid; he next visits Philip at El Escorial;^37.53

From Madrid Gracian goes to Pastrana; Antonio Heredia and Mariano [MSB] Azaro are also there;^37.113 Sega's messengers bring them the brief again; Prior Diego de la Trinidad, knowing that he would have the support of the local governor, questions whether he should admit them; Gracian decides to receive the messengers with courteous deference; he shows them the decrees of the royal council and Ormaneto's patents; Sega's counter-brief is read to the chapter;^37.53

Gracian immediately returns to Madrid to see Philip; because Philip was annoyed by Gracian's compliance, he refused further assistance; Sega was upset too and excommunicates Gracian, Antonio, & Mariano and confines them all: Mariano at the Dominican house of Our Lady of Antocha, Antonio at the discalced Franciscan friary of San Bernadino, & Gracian at the calced in Madrid;^37.53-54

Juan [de Jesus] Roca, the prior at Mancera, comes to Madrid to discuss founding a reform priory with Sega; Sega refuses to receive him & has him confined at the calced in Madrid.^37.54

Roca obtains an interview with Sega & defends the reform. It was then that Sega retorted saying, T was a "restless, disobedient and contumacious gadabout, who, under the guise of devoutness, has invented false doctrines, leaving the enclosure against the orders of the Council of Trent and her own superiors, and teaching as though she were a Master,contrarily to the instructions of St. Paul, who ordered that women were not to teach." Roca waited for Sega to finish his harangue and picked up where he left off; Sega was unmoved; Roca then asked Sega to put the reform in a separate province; Sega agreed at least to take the reform from the governance of the calced; Sega went on to say that the discalced themselves were o.k.; it was Gracian who was a trouble-maker and who caused the problem with Philip; Sega claimed he was not upset that the pope had revoked his jurisdiction over religious orders; he was upset because of the terrible things that people said Gracian was doing; if Gracian were brought to trial for them, Sega said he would support the discalced and petition the pope for a separate province.^37.54

A few days later Sega hears about the royal council's counter counter-brief & goes ballistic; he sends for Roca and retracts his offers; he sends Roca back to Mancera and sends 2 friars to all of the reform houses demanding obedience;^37.54

8/17-18 JoC escapes from prison in Toledo^1c89 letting himself down with a rope made of torn strips of his bed-coverings; he goes to the nuns in Toledo; from there Don Pedro Gonzales de Mendoza, a Cathedral Canon, takes JoC to his own home; he stayed there almost 2 months; i.e. until he recovered enough to travel;^37.51

9/4 R/R dies; Juan Bautista Cafardo appt'd vicar-gen'l & eventually elected the new prior-gen'l; he writes a friendly letter to the ocd friars at Seville;^37.53

Oct: JoC is so weak that he is sent to Almodovar with the Canon Mendoza's servants to care for him; altho he holds no office, he will take an active part in the 10/9 chapter;^{37.56, 57}

10/9 OCD friars hold Chapter at Almodovar; Antonio [de Jesus] Heredia, Pedro de los Angelos, Gregorio [Nancianceno] Martinez y Lopez, Gabriel [de la Asuncion] Buencuchillo y Hernandez, Ambrosio de San Pedro, Francisco [de la Concepcion] Espinel, & JoC attend; Gracian does not [disputed]; Juan [de Jesus] Roca arrives late because he was detained by the nuncio; following the decisions of the chapter of 9/76, since Gracian had resigned as provincial, the friars discuss his replacement; Roca, Nicholas Doria, & T argue against this; nonetheless the chapter elects Heredia provincial;^{1c90, 37.55, 57}

JoC & Juan [dJ] Roca vigorously disagree with holding this chapter and electing a new provincial because they do not think that an ocd province has been properly erected; they propose instead to petition both the pope & the king to estb an ocd province properly; they also fear that electing a provincial would only precipitate fresh reprisals from nuncio Sega; in response the ocd's incarcerate Juan [dJ] Roca for a month at Almodovar; they send Heredia et al to Madrid to talk to Sega, & they send JoC to El Calvario as vicar while the prior was in Rome^37.57

The chapter of 9/76 had decided to send 2 friars to Rome, but they never went; this time the chapter sends Pedro de los Angelos & Juan de San Diego; they accomplish nothing; in fact, they meet the vicar-gen'l in Naples & Pedro gives him all of their documents! this, of course, reveals to him the irregular nature of the ocd behavior; Pedro, probably realizing his blunder, accepts the lavish hospitality of the Marquis of Mondejar, Viceroy of Naples; he is a great friend of the reform; Pedro then returns to Spain without having gone on to Rome at all; in Spain he defects to the observance at Granada;^37.56

10/16 Sega responds to the chapter at Amaldovar: 1) he annuls all of its decisions; 2) he excommunicates all attendees; 3) he refuses to listen to Heredia et al; 4) he abuses T specifically, and all ocds in gen'l; 5) he forbids the ocds to receive any more novices; 5) he puts ocds under jurisdiction of the 2 observant provincials--Diego de Cardenas in Andalusia and Juan Gutierrez de la Magdalena in Castile; and 6) he banishes all the leaders of the reform:^{1c90, 37.58-59}

G Martinez is sent to Seville; Mariano is again sent at first to the Dominican house of Antocha in Madrid; then, lest he be able to get the ear of the Philip, he was sent to Pastrana; Buencuchillo & Heredia are sent at first to San Bernadino in Madrid and then at the end of the year to La Roda where Buencuchillo was prior; Gracian was sent to the calced in Madrid; he was well treated there;^37.59

11/4 prior gen'l R/R dies^1c90

12/1 20 ocd friars at Seville promise obedience to Cafardo; JoC is one of them; Nicholas Doria leads the list; he was vicar at Los Remedios;^37.53

Dec: Joc, Mendoza's servants, & Espinel leave Amodovar as a party; Espinel returns to La Penuela; Joc & servants stop at Beas; Ana de Jesus is prioress there; the servants return to Mendoza and JoC goes on to El Calvario; he probably begins the commentaries for Ascent and Canticle; every Saturday we walks to Beas to hear confessions; his predecessor heard the entire comty's confessions in 30 mins! JoC stayed the entire weekend hearing confessions, giving talks, answering questions, reading them his poems, etc;^37.57

Dec Gracian tried on charges brought by the calced at Andalusia; Sega appoints 3 judges in the case: Don Luis Manrique [= Philip's chaplain], Fray Lorenzo de Villavicencio [an Augustinian], & Fray Hernando del Castillo, OP. These 3 judges rule against Sega; letters are sent to all ocd houses directing them to disregard Sega's orders; most ocd houses obey Sega instead because he was the pope's representative & because Sega excommunicated any resisters;^37.59 he was sentenced to detention at the ocd house at Acala de Henares; his sentence: to fast 3 days/week; take the discipline one extra time/week; have no contact with other discalced; write no letters except to his parents or the Nuncio Sega; he was allowed to say mass & preach; T, who had disapproved of the meeting at Almodovar, was sentenced to reclusion at Toledo;^37.59

The Count Tendilla now takes up the ocd cause; he visits Sega & in a violent exchange censures Sega openly; next he goes to Chumacero, who is the fiscal of the Royal Council; the count convinces Chumacerco to bring the matter before the council; Chumacerco does so suggesting to them that they launch an investigation.^37.59

In the mean time, Sega complains to Philip; Philip directs Pazos to reprimand not only Tendilla, but also Sega himself for showing undue hostility to the ocds.^37.59

Since Tendilla had already left Madrid, Pazos had to send him his reprimand by letter; Tendilla's defense was so convincing that Pazos took his reply to Philip; Philip, in turn, sends it to Sega who by this time was softening; Tendilla visits Sega again; this time the meeting is cordial; Sega suggests that Philip appoint a committee to investigate the whole matter from the beginning;^37.59-60

T adds qualifier "Roman" to Church when she reviews texts of The Way; it was also added to The Castle, & Foundations^1b21

Two disaffected nuns & Garcialvarez conspire to remove Maria de San Jose, the prioress at Seville, from office.^37.61

There is an attemp to found a reform priory in Valladolid, but this is thwarted by the observance^37.68

OCarm monastery of nuns in Haarlem closed by the Calvinists; Vilvoorde was partially burned^32.58

OCarm monastery in Caffardi suppressed for its refusal to accept cloister^32.61

Alonso de la Madre de Dios, born in Pastrana, succeeds Franciso de Jesus as Vicar of Los Martires ^37.111

Ven Ana de Jesus Lobera , who was an dear friend of JoC, encourages him to write the commentary on The Spiritual Canticle in either or 1579 ^37.116

Antonia del Espiritu Santo Henao returns to San Jose from Valladolid.^37.120

Society Don John of Austria dies; Alex. Farnese rules Low Countries^1c90

Birth of Eng anatomist Wlm Harvey who is famous for his studies of the human circulatory system

Baltasar Alvarez, SJ is visitator of Aragon ^37.111

Death of Isabel de Aragon y de Cardona^37.122

Reference 15.130, 11.48

Carmel Mar: Sega suggests that the king set up a committee to investigate the whole business from the beginning; Philip appts 4 judges: Don Luis Manrique [= Philip's chaplain], Fray Lorenzo de Villavicencio [an Augustinian], Fray Hernando del Castillo, OP, & Pedro Fernandez, OP. Fernandez had served as apostolic commissary & was sympathetic to the reform. ToA was pleased with this latter appt.^37.60 The committee suggests that the ocds be removed from the jurisdiction of the calced & be given their own superior. Since Sega asked for this committee, he had to concur with its decision.^37.60

4/1 Sega annulls his counter-brief of 7/23/78 & appoints Angel de Salazar vicar gen'l of the ocds; he was not subject to the calced provincials; Sega also sends a memorandum defining the functions of the vicar gen'l; the memorandum was co-signed by the 4 committee members; the vicar gen'l could not change the ocd rule or const; he was to restore any ocd customs that had been taken away; he was to be a tactful visitator; calced confessors were forbidden for ocd nuns' monasteries, etc ^{1c90, 37.60}

4/26 The 4 committee members unanimously recommend the creation of a discalced province;^37.61

May: An ocd deputation was sent to Rome to press for the establishment of a separate ocd province; the deputation consisted of Juan de Jesus Bullon-Roca & Diego de la Trinidad Heredia, the prior of Pastrana; they traveled incognito; the nuns at Beas contribute 400 ducats towards expenses; Ana de Jesus was prioress at the time; the nuns at Valladolid & Seville also contribute; the count of Tendilla contributes another 400 ducats; two friars sail from Alicante to Leghorn; they are almost captured by the Turks; they arrive in Rome just in time for the election of the new gen'l; Philip's personal representative, Canon Montoya introduces the friars to a number of cardinals;^37.61-2

6/13 JoC & 3 companions leave El Calvario for Baeza; with authorization of visitor Salazar and bp of Jaen he founds the college of St Basil; Bl Juan de Avila had a teaching center there; there was also a mission center and a catechetical center; it also had a university; while there, JoC conts his work on Acent and Canticle and spends much time out on preaching missions; JoC disliked Baeza & the Adalusians;^37.58 6/25 Salazar authorized T to resume her visitation of convents and so on 6/25 she & Ann of St Bartholomew leave Avila; Ann will be T's constant companion until her death; they spend a few days at Medina del Campo; ^37.63

6/28 Angel de Salazar re-instates Maria de San Jose as prioress of the Seville monastery.^37.61

7/3 - 7/30 T & Ann are in Valladolid; she sends Archbp Evora a copy of The Way;^37.63

7/15 Sega & the 4 committee members petition Philip to establish a separate ocd province with its own elected provincial, encompassing both Andalusia & Castille, & subject to the carmelite general;^37.61

August: T & Ann spend 3 or 4 days at Medina & a week at Alba de Tormes; then they go to Salamanca where they stay until early Nov;^37.63

Early Nov: T & Ann return to Avila; after a few days they go on a short visit to Toledo and then on to Malagon^37.63

11/11 Sega sends a copy of the 7/15 petition to Rome; ^37.61

11/25 T & Ann arrive in Malagon where T supervises the construction of the new monastery;^{1c90, 37.63}

12/8 The cmty in Malagon moves into the new monastery; T & Ann stay until Feb & then go to Villanueva de la Jara;^37.63

Church B. Alvarez apptd. SJ Visitor in Aragon

Society Union of Utrect forms the Netherlands with Protestantism as official religion^1c90

Reference 11.48; 15.117, 130; 25.34,191,314

Carmel 1/24 death of Ana de los Angeles Villanueva y Gonzalez at Malagon.^37.114

Feb: Sega did not easily forgive Gracian for going over his head to the king & pope; therefore he kept him in confinement at Alcala de Henares for all of 1579; at the insistence of Angel de Salazar and with the personal intervention of Philip, Gracian was finally liberated.

2/13 T & Ann travel to Villanueva; the town had petitioned T again to take 9 women hermits into the order; Gabriel [de la Asuncion] Buencuchillo y Hernandez, the prior at La Roda, & Antonio [dJ] Heredia, who had been banished there, had both pressed for consent; divine revelation concurred; T brings 2 nuns each from Toledo & Malagon;^37.64 Ana de San Agustin Pedruja is one of them; she is prioress there for many years^37.117

2/19 Gracian unanimously re-elected prior of Los Remedios;^37.61

2/21 fndatn in Villanueva de la Jara^{1c90, 37.64}; T & Ann stay here about one month as per Salazar's permission; T wrote asking for an extension, but received no answer;^37.63-64

T writes to Gracian & Nicholas Doria; their letters discuss the potential leadership of the order; they propose the office of Superior-General with the Provincial as next in command; T wanted Gracian to be SG; she then wouldn't mind Heredia being 2nd in command; when the brief came allowing only one superior, T was clear that she did not want Heredia; she wanted either Gracian, or Doria, or Roca;^{37.67Patricia Josephine}

3/20 T & Ann leave Villanueva for Valladolid at the request of Don Alvaro de Mendoza, Bp of Palencia; he wanted a reform monastery there;^37.64

3/26 T seriously ill in Toledo^1c90 with palsy & heart trouble; she stays until June;^37.64

Apr: Roca & Heredia in Rome write back to Spain that the brief creating a separate province for the ocd's is about to be signed; but the new gen'l proposes an alternate plan to Cardinal Buoncompagni [Buoncompagni is opposed to the reform.]: that both groups would live under the same provincial who would be elected from the calced one term & the discalced the next; the pope is attracted to this plan; Roca draws up a memorandum rebutting this suggestion; they try to approach Abbot Briceno with this memorandum, but this fails; finally Canon Montoya presents it to the Sacred Congregation of Regulars; Philip also writes this congregation on behalf of the ocds;^37.62

4/10 Angel de Salazar nominates Gracian to be his delegate in Andalusia; Gracian does much of the work with Salazar just signing off on it;^37.61

Before leaving Toledo in June, T asks Archbp Card Quiroga for a license for a fndatn in Madrid; there were several potential vocations there & T thought it would make a good central HQ; Quiroga declines; however he takes this opportunity to praise her Life; the Princess of Eboli in a fit of pique had given him the ms because he was grand inquisitor; later he would give T verbal consent for a fndatn, but he withdraws this consent when he learns that his niece, Elena de Quiroga, wanted to join;^37.64

6/7 T, who is still ailing, & Ann leave Toledo for Segovia;^37.65

6/13 T arrives in Segovia;^37.65

June: Jeronimo Gracian & Diego de Yanguas, op, examine & "correct" "Castle" in T's presence in Segovia;^{1c90, 37.65} T gives "Castle" to Gracian; "Life" is still at Inquisition; Gracian gives "Castle" to Maria de San Jose in Seville for safekeeping;

de Yanguas, OP, directs T to burn Song; she does so but other copies had already been made; one was at Alba de Tormes; de Yanguas orders the nuns to burn their copy "not because the work was bad but because he didn't think it was proper for a woman to explain the "Song of Songs..."; the nuns gave their copy to the Duchess of Alba for safekeeping^1b212

6/22 Greg XIII issues "Pia Consideratione"; it allows Teresian nuns & friars to form separate province with their own superiors; the ocd provincial was subject only to the gen'l; ocds were absolved from any censures they might have incurred; it gave them authority to write their own constitutions; it allowed them complete freedom to establish foundations; it forbade the calced to molest the discalced under any pretext; it rescinded any authority over the discalced given to the calced; it renounced any connection between the two groups; any ocd disatisfied with the reform could join the carthusians, but not the calced.^{1c90; 37.63} the pope app'ts the Archbp of Seville to execute the brief; he dies a few days after starting this process;^37.66

6/26 T's favorite bro, Lorenzo, dies suddenly of a hemorrhage;^{1c90, 37.65}

6/27 Abbot Briceno sends the brief "Pia Consideratione" to Philip^37.66

7/6 T goes to Avila to put Lorenzo's affairs in order; next she goes to Medina del Campo;^37.65

7/25 At Medina T learns of the death of her old friend & spiritual director, Baltasar Alvarez^37.65

8/8 T arrives at Valladolid & becomes seriously ill;^1c90 when she is somewhat stronger Ripalda, sj, et al encourage her to go on to Palencia;^37.65

8/15 Philip receives Pia Considerationes at Badajoz; he is about to make a grand entrance into Port; Philip suggests to the pope that he name Pedro Fernandez, op, as the person to execute the brief. Fernandez had been the op provincial & the apostolic commisary; the app't is made;^37.66

9/6 Diego de la Trinidad aka Heredia & Juan de Jesus Roca aka Bullon return to Toledo from Rome & meet with T to brief her about Pia Consideratione; ^37.65

10/11 Philip tells Gracian to contact Fernandez to learn the details of Pia Consideratione; Gracian, taking the brief & Philip's letters, leaves Seville at once to meet with Fernandez in Salamanca; Fernandez was too sick to do anything at all; so Gracian leaves without even opening the papers;^37.66

10/26 Gracian arrives at Elvas, Port where Philip is staying; even tho Anne has just died, Philip tends to this business; Philip immediately asks the pope to name two executors of the brief: Juan de las Cuevas op, prior at Talavera de la Reina & as back up, Alberto Aguayo op, prior at Cordoba^37.66

11/22 Fernandez, OP, dies^37.66

T breaks arm a 2nd time by falling over a windlass; Anne of SB learns to write & becomes T's secretary

12/28 T leaves Valladolid for Palencia^1c90

12/29 Fndatn of Palencia^1c90 Prudencio de Armentia, steward of the bp of Palencia & a cathedral canon there, stood as one of the 4 sureties for the fndatn.^37.123

Agustin [dlR] Carrasco becomes prior of Los Martires^37.108

Monastery of the Immaculate Conception founded for O Carm nuns in Utrera^32.54

Ana de la Madre de Dios & 8 other beatas take the habit at Villanueva de la Jara^37.117

Antonio Heredia prior at Mancera ^37.121

Church First SJ mission formally est'b in England;

Aloysius Gonzaga, age 12, receives his 1st Communion from Chas Borromeo;

Peter Claver (6/25/80-1654)

7/25 death of Baltasar Alvarez, SJ now provincial of Toledo; T had remained in frequent touch with him & had last seen him a few months earlier ^37.111-12

the SJs begin a steady retreat from mysticism

Society King Henry of Portugal dies with no successor; Philip II orders Duke of Alba to invade;^1c90 Port. annexed to Sp

10/26 The queen consort, Anne of Austria, dies^37.66

Reference 11.48, 25.446

Carmel 1/4 The brief naming Juan de las Cuevas & Alberto Aguayo executors of Pia Consideratione reaches Philip at Elvas, Port; Gracian travels to las Cuevas' monastery at Talaveras;^37.66

2/1 Las Cuevas & Gracian send out the notification about Pia Consideratione to all of the ocd houses^37.66

3/3-17 opening of 1st official provincial chapter, known as the Separation Chapter, at the ocd college in Alcala; King Philip picks up the tab; 22 delegates attended; however only 20 voted; 30 members of the college and reps from other orders and the city attended as well; Fr Juan de las Cuevas presided; 4 definitors were elected: Nicolas Doria, Antonio Heredia, JoC & Abrosio [MdSB] Azaro who was elected secretary;^{31.31, 37.66-67} Peers notes that from this point on Heredia declines in prestige ^37.121

Ambrosio [MdSB] vacates his post rector of Alcala ^37.113

JoC was named the prior of Los Martires in Grenada; he served simultaneously as rector at Baeza until 6/82;^37.71

3/4 Several friars received votes on the initial ballot for provincial: Gracian [favored by ToA & Cuevas], 11; Antonio Heredia, 7; Doria, 1; & Gabriel de la Asuncion Buencuchillo y Hernandez, 1; Roca, whom T also supported, received no votes; ^{1c91, 37.67}

The chapter assigned Nicholas Doria as Gracian's assistant; it also allowed Gracian to nominate two assistant provincials; Heredia was appt'd for Castile & Diego de la Trinidad for Andalusia; they were in charge when Gracian was not present; ^37.68

The chapter decided that provincials would have a 4 year term & definitors a 2 year term; they also determined that chapters would be held every 2 yrs on the 3rd Sunday of Easter;^37.73

3/5 the chapter and the whole city celebrated the establishment of the ocd province; ^37.68

3/6 - 3/15 the constitutions of the reform were crafted and then signed; ^37.68

After the chapter JoC returns to Baeza;^37.71

Gracian sends Doria to report on the chapter proceedings to the Gen'l, Juan Bautista Cafardo; they meet in Doria's native Genoa; Doria's family had been attentive to Cafardo; Cafardo offers to appt Doria procurator for Spain; ^37.75

While in Genoa Doria stays with the ocarm friars; they make him an offer: abandon the reform & become prior at Genoa; ^37.75

Mar Augstin [dlR] Carrasco succeeds Mariano as rector of the Alcala College^37.108

5/4 Gregorio Nacieno & Roca make fndatn of friars NW of Valladolid; the site proves unsuitable & the cmmty moves 1/1/83^37.68

6/1 friars found at Salamanca, a univ city; T favored setting up colleges in a univ environment; Bp Jeronimo Manrique gave Gracian the use of a former leprosarium on the far side of the Tormes;^37.69

June Gracian appoints Agustin [dlR] Carrasco the first rector of the college at Salamanca.^37.108

T now on way from Palencia to Soria;^37.69

6/14^37.69 or 6/30^1c91 T makes fndatn in Soria; Dr Valazquez, bp of Osma, had asked T to make this fndatn; Dona Beatriz de Beamonte provided both the house & an income; the bp gave her the nearby church & they connected to it with a covered walkway;^37.69

T is in touch with Diego de Alderete, OP, prior of the Dominican house at Soria. Diego is the son of Maria de Quiroga. She is a sister of Cardinal Quiroga, the Archbp of Toledo. Diego twice refuses to allow Philip II to make him a Bp. ^37.110

While in Soria, Dona Beatriz' niece Leonor de la Misericordia discusses with T the making of a fndatn in Pamplona; Don Martin Cruzat approaches Dona Beatriz about this project & she offers the projected fndatn an annual income of 100 ducats & the use of her house; it will open in 1583; ^37.77

6/28 JoC & Gaspar de San Pedro preside over the elections at Caravaca; Ana de San Alberto was elected prioress; Barbara del Espiritu Santo was elected sub-prioress;^37.71

July T writes Gracian saying that she would not like to stay at Avila as prioress unless it were absolutely necessary; she felt it would overtax her strength;^37.69

8/16 T, Ann of St Bart, Canon Ribera of Palencia, Doria, & a lay br leave Soria for Avila;^37.69

8/23 - 8/30 T spends at Segovia;^37.69

9/5 T reaches San Jose in Avila;^37.69

9/10 there are financial problems at San Jose; Maria de Cristo del Aguila, the prioress, resigns; T elected^{1c91, 37.69}

10/1 Mariano [AMdeSB] Azaro arrives in Lisbon with 7 friars; Philip endows a fndation for them; ^37.75

10/14 the friars estb a monastery dedicated to St Philip in Lisbon; ^37.75

Oct. Diego de la Trinidad meets with the prioress, Ana de Jesus at Beas; they discuss the feasibility of making a fndatn in Grenada; Ana is not inclined to do so, but she consults with her confessor, JoC; he is in favor of the project; Gracian, who is at Salamanca, also favors the project; John leaves for Avila to fetch T to make the fndatn;^37.71

11/28 JoC at Ávila^1c91 for the profession of Ana de los Angeles, the "Flemish nun" in T's letters; T & JoC spend their last evening together in conversation; she tells JoC that her commitment to the fndatn at Burgos prevents her from going with him to Grenada; ^37.71-2

11/29 JoC, Maria [dc] del Aguila, & Antonia del Espiritu Santo Henao leave Avila for the fndatn in Granada; they go to Escalona, Toledo, and Malagon;^{37.72, 120}

12/8 Next they stop at Beas to pick up recruits [Ana de Jesus who will become the prioress; Beatriz de San Miguel, Leonor Bautista, & Lucia de San Jose] and to wait for the license from the archbp; he is reluctant because he thinks that Grenada already had more religious houses than it could support; this in spite of the desire he expressed in '76 to have an ocd house there; they decide to found without authorization;^37.72

12/25 the nuns constitutions are published & sent to each convent with a letter of instructions from Gracian; ^37.68

Dec. T describes herself as fairly well, but tired^37.69

Church B of St Vincent de Paul;

12/1 Alexander Briant SJ, martyred in London

Society Philip II recognized as King of Port ^1c91

Legazpi & Urdaneta found the city of Manilla^1c91

Reference 11.48; 25.158, 191

Carmel The ocd friars constitutions are published;^37.68

1/2 T, Gracian & others leave Ávila to make a fndatn in Burgos; the journey takes a month; there are many difficulties when they arrive; it takes 3 months to get a house;^{1c91, 37.70}

1/20 JoC, Ven Ana de Jesus Lobera, et al make fndatn in Granada;^1c91 Ana serves as prioress for two terms [1882-6];^37.116 they are joined by Maria de Jesus & Maria de San Pablo from Seville & 2 lay sisters from Villanueva de la Jara; Maria [dc] Aguila is subprioress; since the group had no house, Ana de Penalosa gives them the temporary use of hers; [JoC will dedicate Living Flame to Ana Penalosa]; ^{37.72, 192}

T is most dismayed with the way this fndatn was made; she was upset that Ana did not keep Gracian & herself properly informed, that Ana took more nuns along than she had been told to, & then that Ana didn't show enough consideration in sending some of them on such a long journey back to their convents!^37.72

JoC stays in Grenada; he is confessor to the nuns; the cmmty at Los Martires elects him prior & thus confirms his appt by the chapter of Alcala; JoC lives here continually for the next 2 yrs & intermittently for an additional 4 yrs; it is here that he writes the commentary on The Spiritual Canticle, writes The Dark Night, revises The Ascent, and he writes The Living Flame;^37.73

4/5 1st OCD missionaries sail for Guinea, Ethiopia, & other parts of Africa from Lisbon; each has a small bible & a catechism; Philip II sees them off; they are lost at sea; ^37.73-74 Antonio de la Madre de Dios was among them ^37.122

Gracian would later write about this epoch saying: [Some think] "that the sum total of Carmelite perfection consists in not leaving one's cell or missing a moment in choir, even though the entire world be ablaze, & that the welfare of the Order lies in multiplying the number of convents in tiny Spanish villages & neglecting everything else....God has not led me by that road, but by the road of saving souls." JoC opposed Gracian's approach to mission; nonetheless a 2nd missionary group was sent; its destination was the Congo, but they were captured by pirates off the Cape Verde Islands ^37.74-75

4/19 T makes fndatn in Burgos; it is her last; she stays there 2 months;^{1c91, 37.70} T gave Antonio Aguiar legal powers in connection with this fndatn; he was a fellow student with Gracian at Alcala ^37.107

Early July, T completes her Book of Foundations;^37.70

7/26 T leaves Burgos^1c91 with Ann of St Bart & Teresita, who is her bro Lorenzo's daughter; they are returning to Avila; Teresita was supposed to make her profession at Avila; the planned itinery was Palencia, Valladolid, & Medina del Campo;^37.70

8/2 T stops off in Palencia^1c91

8/25 T arrives in Valladolid;^1c91 T is detained 3 weeks by illness; she had expected to connect with Gracian there but he went south instead;^37.70

8/29 nuns at Grenada move from Ana de Penalosa's house to a house leased from Alonso de Granada y Alarcon;^37.72

9/15 T leaves Valladolid & arrives in Medina^1c91 & finds Antonio Heredia waiting for her; he orders T to go to Alba de Tormes where the Duchess' daughter-in-law wanted T to be present when she gave birth;^37.70

9/19 T starts out for Alba,^1c91 but collapses at Penaranda;^37.70

9/20 T arrives at Alba de T at 6pm^1c91? in a complete state of exhaustion; the child had already been born;^37.70

9/29 T goes to bed seriously ill & announces her death is near^1c91

10/4 T dies however Gregorian Calendar introduced that year so new date became 10/15;^1c91 Blessed Anne of St Bartholomew Garcia was with her when she died.^37.1138

Ambrosio [MdSB] Azaro founds the reform priory in Lisbon ^37.113

Church 3/7 Aloysius Gonzaga arrives in Madrid with Empress Maria of Austria;

5/30 Thos Cottam SJ et al martyred in London

Gregory XIII established for the first time an office of the Curia to handle matters related to religious; it was known as the Sacred Congregation for Consultation with Regulars.^35.34

Society Dec The Duke of Alba dies in Lisbon attended in his last hours by Luis de Grenada.^37.110

Reference 9.3, 25.229ff

Carmel 1/1 friars NW of Valladolid move to a better location farther out of the city;^{37 68-69}

5/1 The second chapter of the reform is held at Amaldovar; Juan de Jesus Roca, Ambrosio MdSB Azaro, Agustin [dlR] Carrasco, & Ambrosio de San Pedro are elected 1st - 4th definitors; prior's terms were changed from 3 to 2 yrs & they were to be elected not by their cmties, but by the provincial chapters;^37.73

Doria reports Gen'l Cafardo's offer to make him procurato for Spain to the chapter which finds it improper; the chapter then commissions Doria, Roca, & 2 other friars to found a reformed monastery at Genoa; ^37.75-76

The antagonism between Gracian & Roca 1st shows itself here. Peers describes Gracian as attractive, eloquent, suave, a high-minded, but weak-willed idealist who needed Teresa's shrewd counsel; & Doria as a shrewd, hard-headed organizer & man of business.^37.76

The last session of this chapter was devoted to a chapter of faults with an "open mike". Doria accused Gracian of having "ruined the order" by his bad gov't & by neglecting administrative duties to preach. Once the definitors discussed the weaknesses in Gracian's character, Doria suggested they drop the matter because Gracian only had a short time left in office; the definitors suggested that Gracian spend less time preaching.^37.76

May fndatn of Nuestra Senora de la Fuensanta in Jaen, 7 mi from El Calvario; priory built by Gabriel [dlAB] Hernandez, prior of Almodovar; ^37.77

7/4 T's body transferred to Ávila, but was returned back to Alba 8/23/86^31.59

7/25 fndatn of friars at Daimiel, 25 mi from Ciudad Real; the friars had agreed to this during the vicariate of Salazar; Daimiel belonged to the Order of Calatrava; the necessary permission from the Council of Orders caused the delay in founding; ^37.77

12/8 fndatn of nuns at Pamplona; all of the 1st nuns come from Soria; Dona Beatriz, who is their patron; also enters; for her dowery she increases their annunal income to 1100 ducats ^37.77

The discalced become a separate religious order^31.56

(Catherine) Mary Magdalen de' Pazzi received as a novice at St Mary of the Angels Monastery, Florence^32.64

End of year: Doria, Pedro de la Encarnacion, Juan [dlM] Narduch, & Juan de San Diego arrive in Genoa from Sp; Doria meets with the Gen'l, Juan Bautista Cafardo; Cafardo peaked because he was not consulted & refuses permission for fndatns outside of Sp; Doria pts out that the Separation Brief authorizes fndatns 'anywhere'; despite the bp & other influential supporters of the project, Cafardo returns to Rome unconvinced; Doria sends Juan de San Diego to Rome too; it takes almost a year to get Cafardo's permission for the fndatn;^37.78

Church Luis de Leon publishes "The Perfect Spouse";

Rudolph Aquaviva, SJ, et al martyred in India

Reference 1c.83, 11.48

Carmel 4/10 The 3rd ocd missionary group sets sail from Lisbon; they arrive safely; ^37.75

5/1 Gregory XIII suppresses the Congregation of Albi;

6/27 fndatn of friars at Malagra; Gabriel [dlc] Penuela had been offered the site; there was trouble with the dominicans & the bp; Gracian persuaded the bp to approve it; Gracian made Gabriel vicar, but around December he resigns in favor of Juan Bautista el Rondeno; ^37.77-8

12/1 1st OCD fndatn outside Spanish peninsula; it was a monastery of friars founded at Genoa under the initiative of Nicholas Doria who himself was Genoese^33.94

12/10 Peers puts the fndatn of Genoa here; fndatn has been commissioned by Chapter at Almodovar; ^37.78

12/25 Doria in Lisbon to assist with the fndatn of nuns^37.79

JoC writes the Commentary on The Spritual Canticle at Grenada^37.73

Doria secures the recognition of a separate procurator for the ocds^37.78

Church Ascendente Domino, Gregory XIII approves SJ's; he states that solemn vows are of ecclesiastical, i.e., not divine, origin & that one could be a "true" religious without them; this opens door for a new pattern of religious life;

Clement elected Pope, but dies;

Paul III becomes pope

Reference 11.48

Carmel 1/17 fndatn of nuns in Lisbon; Maria de San Jose Salazar from Seville is first prioress; ^37.78

2/17 fndatn of nuns at Malaga; Beas, Caravaca, & Granada contribute nuns; JoC assists; the benefactress was related to the bp and therefore this license was given even before the founding nuns were selected; Maria [dc] del Aguila is prioress; ^{37.77-8, 80} Antonia del Espiritu Santo Henao also makes this fndatn^37.120

3/24 fndatn of friars at Guadalcazar [between Cordoba & Utrera]; Francisco de Jesus Capela is the vicar; the Archbp of Seville, Don Luis de Cordoba, is its benefactor; ^37.77

Dona Guiomar requests & receives burial at the fashionable, new monastery of San Antonio^8.166

Easter Nicholas Doria's 4 year term of office as provincial expires^37.79

5/10 Chapter begins in Lisbon; there are 30 delegates; Gracian, JoC, Antonio [dJ] Heredia, & Gregorio Nacianceno Martinez y Lopez are elected definitors; Heredia declines because of age [75 yo] and ill-health;^37.121 Juan Bautista [el Rondeno] elected in Heredia's place; Juan was vicar at Malaga^37.79

5/12 Gracian nominates Doria for provincial; Doria is still in Genoa but gains 26 of the 28 votes; [sic. why not of 30 votes?]; the chapter sends 2 friars to Genoa to tell Doria & then adjournes til his arrival in October; JoC visits Malaga on his was to Pastrana^37.79-80

At some point between May of '85 & April of '87 JoC writes The Living Flame at Grenada in 2 weeks!^37.73

5/18 fndatn of nuns in Sabiote near Ubeda; ^37.78

8/18 fndatn of nuns in Cuerva, in Toledo region; Ana de los Angeles Gomez = first prioress; ^37.78, ^37.114 Ana de la Madre de Dios de la Palma is one of the founders ^37.117

10/17 Chapter reconvenes in Pastrana; they added 2 more vicariates to bring the total to 4; Gregorio N was in charge of Old Castile & Navarre; Juan Bautista eRon was in charge of New Castile; JoC Adalusia and Gracian, Portugal; Gracian also became prior of St Philip's far away in Lisbon; Peers writes that Gracian & Doria were now at 'war'^37.79-80

12/25 JoC in Granada

1st Latin edition of friars' const. printed

As Vicar-Provincial of Andalusia JoC has Ana de la Encarnacion Arbizo transferred from Caravaca to Malaga with Maria de San Pedro ^37.114-15

Church B of Mary Ward

Society The use of decimals advanced by Simon Stevin

Reference 11.48, 25.39

Carmel 1/13 JoC presides over re-election of Ana de Jesus as prioress of Granada^37.80

1/19 Fndatn of priory in Mexico City^37.80

1/25 Fndatn of priory in Barcelona; it is from Barcelona that Roca would sail to Rome; Diego Perez de Valdivia, a disciple of Juan de Avila, worked for a priory in Rome; Roca became the first prior^37.80-81

1/25 Card Quiroga signed a license for a priory in Madrid; Quiroga had resisted ToA & Gracian; Nicholas Doria went directly to King Philip; Quiroga stopped resisting^37.81

2/25 Ambrosio [MdSB] Azaro founds the St Hermenegild priory in Madrid;^37.113 it was named according to Philip's wishes; this became the Congregation's headquarters and remained so until the 19th century^37.81

Lent: JoC visits Granada, La Penuela, & Linares^37.80

Apr: JoC approves the Seville nuns moving into new quarters^37.82

5/3 Segovia founded by Vicar-Provincial Gregorio N; JoC also assoc with this fndatn; Ana de Penalosa funds this house in honor of her late husband who was from Segovia^37.81

Alonso de la Madre de Dios "el Asturiscense" from Astorga becomes one of the first novices at Segovia ^37.111

5/18 JoC founds priory in Cordoba; prior = Agustin de los Reyes Carrasco^37.82

May: Elias de San Martin Martinez founds the priory in Toledo; Elias was prior at Pastrana; Card Quiroga resisted the fndatn in Toledo; the fndatn used the same bldg the nuns had used from '70 to '83^37.81

End of May: JoC returns to Seville to supervise the transfer of the nuns to a new house; ToA had opposed this; Maria de San Jose Salazar advocated it; even so the transfer wasn't made until ToA had died & Maria went to Lisbon^37.82

From Seville JoC goes to Ecija to discuss making a fndatn there; next he goes to Guadalcazar where he falls ill with pneumonia-like symptoms; from there he goes to Cordoba where he finds the priory overcrowded; he sends some of the novices to Seville; from Cordoba JoC goes to Toledo where he falls ill again; lastly he goes to Madrid, but arrives to the definitory late^37.82

7/25-9/4 Mary Magdalen de' Pazzi writes 12 letters to Pope Sixtus V et al urging reform in the Church; these letters are still extant^32.66

8/13 Doria holds definitory in Madrid; [Peers contradicts himself about the dates of this definitory];^{37.82 & 268}

8/16 to 8/18 & 8/29 to 9/4 Doria holds gen'l definitory in Madrid; Gracian doesn't show up; Doria replaces him with Mariano [AMdeSB] Azaro; he replaces JoC with Juan Bautista el Ron; JoC arrives 8/17^37.82

This definitory approved the publication of ToA's works, took note of Sixtus V's brief ordering the removal of ToA's body from Avila to Alba de Tormes, asked Sixtus to confirm the OCD - O Carm separation, decided to maintain a procurator in Rome permanently, mandated JoC to found in Mancha Real, and decided to follow the Roman Rite in liturgy; at first only Gregoria supported Doria in the change of rite, but the others eventually gave way; they sent Roca to Rome to gain approval^37.82-83

8/23 T's body returned to Alba by papal decree; it still rests there^31.59

9/4 sometime after the conclusion of the definitory JoC meets Ana de Jesus et al; they go together to Madrid; they arrive on 9/6; she serves as prioress from 1586-89. Ana remains there when Maria del Nacimiento becomes the next prioress. JoC goes south for a short stay with the nuns at Malagon; next he goes to La Manchuela to found the priory there^37.83, ^37.116

Agustin [dlR] Carrasco becomes the prior at Cordoba.^37.108

9/17 fndatn of nuns in Madrid; Ana de Jesus prioress; she compiled the first edition of ToA's works there^37.81

John Baptist Caffardo, O Carm prior gen'l, issues new const adapted to Council of Trent;

9/20 Sixtus V allows OCDs to adopt Roman rite & approved the other decision taken at the August definitory in Madrid^37.83

10/12 JoC founds the priory at La Manchuela; he leaves in early November ^37.83

11/22 nuns at Granada elect Maria [dc] del Aguila their prioress, but she is stationed in Malaga; the nuns at Malaga protest; new elections at Grenada make Beatriz de San Miguel the prioress instead; ^37.192

Early Nov JoC goes to Granada to conduct the election of the new prioress to replace Ana de Jesus; they elect Maria de Cristo del Aguila who had also left on the Malaga fndatn; the nuns at Malaga asked JoC to let her stay; JoC goes to Malaga; he agrees to let Maria stay; JoC returns to Granada^37.83

11/28 JoC holds new elections at Granada; the nuns elect Beatriz de San Miguel Andrada prioress;^37.83 Ana de la Encarnacion Arbizo and Maria de San Pedro had stopped at Grenada on their way from Caravaca to Malaga, but Ana was elected sub-prioress and novice mistress in Grenada’s elections!!^37.115

12/18 JoC goes to Caravaca to found a priory; Ana de San Alberto Salcedo had urged him to found there; JoC goes to Beas at the end of the month to arrange for a fndatn at Bujalance; at Beas he received an urgent message from Doria to go to Madrid^37.83-4

Antonia del Espiritu Santo Henao elected sub-prioress at Malaga ^37.120

A total of 8 priories founded in 1586 ^37.99

Church All Xtian missionaries ordered out of Japan; edict not enforced with full vigor; many missionaries stay & go underground

Reference 11.48

Carmel 3/2 JoC in Caravaca; he authorizes the nuns to take legal action against the SJs whom they alleged to have taken some houses from them^37.84

3/8 JoC in Baeza; next he goes to Madrid, Segovia and Valladolid^37.84

4/7 The definitors meet with the provincial; Baltasar de Jesus Nieto apologized for the behavior that had deprived him of his 'seat, voice, & vote' in chapter [cf 1577]; his seat was returned to him; he retired to Lisbon & caused no further trouble;^37.84 [however Peers also has him retiring to Lisbon in 1577!^37.125]

4/18 - 4/25 the biennial chapter held in Valladolid; called the Great Chapter because of its size -- 46 delegates; JoC elected prior of Los Martires, but to no higher office; the new definitors were: Elias [dSM] Martinez--New Castile, Antonio [dJ] Heredia–2nd definitor, Portugal; Agustin [dlR] Carrasco--Andalusia, & Juan Bautista [el Rem]--Old Catile; Barcelona was put under the provincial; Gracian was assigned to Mexico as vicar-provincial; Gracian went next to Seville so he could sail to Mexico^37.84

At this chapter Nicholas Doria had proposed that the definitors should have deciding votes and not just consultative votes when they met with the provincial; this aroused strong opposition & he did not have the votes to pass the proposal^37.86

All the reformed monasteries of nuns petitioned this chapter to leave the Constitutions of Alcala intact; they received no reassuring reply^37.89

This chapter appoints Agustin [dlR] Carrasco Third Definitor and provincial of Upper Andalusia / Grenada.^37.108

6/1 priory at Manzanares founded^37.85

6/24 priory at Bujalance founded by Agustin [dlR] Carrasco; Luis de San Jeronimo Rivafreiza, was the new prior; he had been the Valladolid prior^37.85

7/10 Sixtus V authorizes the erection of the OCD province into a separate congregation with 5 provinces, governed by a vicar gen'l who was elected every 6 yrs; the new congregation had its own Constitution of the Reform;^{11.48?, 37.85}

The term for provincials & priors was set at 3 yrs again; it had been changed to 2 years at Almodovar in '83; the authority held by the priors in chapter was now transferred to the Consulta which = the vicar-general + 6 elected councillors; the consulta was an advisory body; the VC could act independently in matters of internal discipline^37.85

By this date, there are 29 reform priories and & 22 reform convents; = 51 total.^37.99

7/27 Doria & Mariano [AMdeSB] Azaro had proposed this form of gov't to King Philip; he consulted the royal council; they concurred; Philip told the ambassador to the Holy See to support the project; Doria sent Roca to Rome to lobby for it too; Doria also asked Roca to get authority to dismiss, not just discipline, unruly friars; Roca was successful on both counts & so the Bull was issued 7/27^37.85-6

8/5 Priory at Villanueva de la Jara founded to help the nuns there;^37.85 Ana de San Agustin Pedruja was instrumental in this fndatn ^37.117

8/24 Priory at Pamplona founded to help the nuns there^37.85

8/30 JoC founds Santo Angel Custodio, a 2nd priory, in Seville^37.82

Sept: Sir Francis Drake had grounded all Sp ships in '87 therefore Gracian prevented from going to Mex; in Sept Gracian goes to Jaen to work at the request of the bp; he works mainly in Ubeda & Baeza; from there Gracian went to Portugal as prior of Lisbon; after his term as prior he had no further administrative office in the order; Gracian was popular in Portugal, esp with Card Prince Alberto^37.84

9/14 Gracian founds priory at Ubeda at vicar provincial's request^37.85

Gracian publishes a book without permission criticizing his superiors^37.86

10/18 Doria orders Elias [dSM] Martinez to go to Ubeda & investigate Gracian on charges that he accepted meals in convents, habitually ate meat, & slept between sheets wearing linen; Gracian responds with a 27 page defense with confirmatory documents^37.86

The definitors found him guilty as charged. they deprived him of active & passive voice in the next 2 general chapter elections & they directed him to expunge the text harsly critical of his superiors from his book before it circulated any further. Gracian apologized profusely and offered to resign all of his offices and go into retirement for study. The definitors confirmed their sentence but took no further action. ^37.86

11/25 Doria meets with the definitors in chapter to discuss implementation of the 7/27 Bull;^37.86

Male ocd officials estb a minimum dowry payment for the nuns; this necessitated being from a well-to-do family^8.165

A total of 6 reform priories founded in 1587 ^37.99

Alonso "el Asturicense" meets JoC at Segovia ^37.111

Society Beginning late in the decade there is a severe depression in Ávila's wool trade^8.155

Reference 11.48

Carmel 2/5 Roca founded the priory in Mataro ^{37.100, 270}

5/2 Nicholas Doria summons Gracian to Madrid to sign an even more detailed confession^37.87

Next Doria draws up a patent ordering Gracian to Mexico; Gracian is supposed to go as a simple friar with 9 others; the patent reached Gracian after he had returned to Evora, Portugal; the ArchB, Card. Prince Alberto, & others want Gracian to stay in Portugal so they petition Doria to this end; Doria lets the matter drop; Bartolomeo de Jesus, the Lisbon prior attempts to bring Gracian to the next general chapter, but Gracian refused. ^37.87

5/8 Death of Ana de San Pedro Wasteels at San Jose ^37.119

6/5 Jaen founded. Gracian founded the priory at the request of the bp there. The bp partially endowed the house and said the first mass.^{37.100, 270} Angel de San Gabriel Cabezas spends a few weeks there as its vicar ^37.120

6/19 General chapter ?in Madrid; rumors were circulating that the general was trying to get the 7/27 brief revoked.^37.87

JoC, Agustin Carrasco, Antonio Heredia, & Elias Martinez elected definitors; Doria elected Vicar-General by a small majority [32 out of 50]. ^37.87 But Peers also calls Heredia’s title a consilario ^37.121

JoC was appointed first definitor and deputy vicar general.^37.88

Antonio Heredia, Ambrosio Azaro, JoC, Juan Bautista, Luis Rivafreiza, & Bartolome de Jesus elected to the consulta. It is a group sympathetic to Doria.^37.87

The following provincials were named: Juan Bautista, Old Castile; Elias Martinez, New Castile; Agustin Carrasco, Andalusia; Gregorio Martinez, Portugal; Juan Roca, Aragon & Catalonia.^37.88

From now on general chapters would be attended by provincials and their socii. Priors would attend provincial chapters; the consulta would have its own headquarters in the Segovia priory and would appoint confessors, preachers, and sub-priors. It would also appoint priors if there were no general chapter to do it.^37.88

8/5 Zaragoza founded; a friend of Doria’s helped to start this fndatn. He had asked Doria for Catalina to become prioress, but Doria sent Isabel de Santo Domingo Ortega from Segovia instead. Isobel knew ToA well.^{37.100, 271}

8/6 Fndatn of convent at Heurte ^{37.99, 270}

8/10 JoC takes up residence as prior in Segovia; he was in charge of building a bigger facility on a different site so that the consulta could be accommodated.^37.88

Except for Ambrosio, who was prior in Madrid, the consulta lived at Segovia and were in almost constant session. One of their earliest decisions was to send the vicar general to all of the houses of nuns and friars to explain the new system of gov’t ^37.88

10/13 The 1587 Chapter of Valladolid did not offer the nuns any assurance that the Constitutions of Alcala would be left intact. Probably acting through Ana de Jesus, Maria de San Jose and Gracian, the nuns sought the intervention of Cesare Speziano, the papal nuncio in Madrid. On 10/13 he affirmed the ‘perpetual stability’ of the constitutions. The statutes were re-printed with a preface by the nuncio by the end of the year; there was one minor change agreeable to all parties. ^37.89

Ana de Jesus, prioress at Madrid, was still concerned about the status of the constitutions. She thought that only the pope could really guarantee their perpetual stability. She therefore consulted with Luis de Leon and asked Doria in the presence of witnesses for permission to approach the pope about this matter.^37.89

10/19 Valencia founded. Ambrosio MdSB Azaro visited Juan de Rivera, the Bp of Valencia; this led to the estb of the monastery there. Maria de los Martires Hurtado became the prioress. ToA had made her prioress at Villanueva de la Jara in 1579. Elias de San Martin accompanied the nuns making this fndatn.^{37.100, 271}

11/21 Barcelona founded. Juan [dJ] Roca persuaded a wealthy woman to join the reform.& she helped found Barcelona. The prioress was Catalina de Cristo Balsameda y Bustamante; she came from Pamplona with 5 companions.^{37.99, 271}

Nov 1588 to Mar 1589, JoC functions as deputy vicar general while Doria visits all of the houses to explain the new system; Peers says that Doria’s visitations were highly divisive. ^37.88-89

Gracian writes to the king protesting the new system of gov’t and the subsequent unrest. Next Doria also writes to the king and interviews members of the Royal Council about it. The king repeats his support of the system. The nuns resent the new system because of the delay and publicity it causes to have their affairs reviewed by the consulta. They also worried that their Constitutions of Alcala would be revised or revoked..^37.89

12/25 Roca founded the priory in Tarrega ^{37.100, 270}

Publication of the 1st edition of ToA's works; Ana de Jesus and Fr Luis de Leon, the editor, collaborated on this project.^{37.81, 89}

Angel de San Gabriel Cabezas now novice master at Madrid; he seems to have acquired the necessary skill for this job [cf 1572] because JoC praises his work ^37.120

A total of 3 priories & 4 reform convents [Zaragoza, Valencia, Barcelona & Huete near Cuenca] were founded in 1588 ^37.99

Society 8/8 final defeat of Spanish Armada

Carmel Early in the year Ana de Jesus approaches the pope about the Constitutions of Acala. She sidesteps normal protocol and does not go through Nicholas Doria, the superior of the Order. Rather she asks Bernabe del Marmol, a relative of Gracian, to handle the matter. She asks the pope both to confirm the Constitutions of Alcala in perpetuity and also to appoint JoC as the nuns’ superior .^37.89

4/18 Roca founds priory at Perpignan.^{37.100, 271}

May Roca founds priory at Lerida. ^{37.100, 271}

6/28 fndatn of nuns in Cordoba; this fndatn was proposed to the Consulta by JoC; most of the founding members were JoC’s spiritual friends ^{37.100, 271}

8/4 Elias de San Martin founded the priory at Toro. ToA’s friend Francisco de Fonseca used his influence to get this monastery open; Enrique, son of Don Luis de Toledo, the Naecenas of Mancera, was one of the first novices.^{37.100, 271}

8/8 Elias de San Martin founded the priory at Valencia.^{37.100, 271}

9/27 fndatn of nuns in Vitoria; Tomasina Bautista Perea, friend of ToA, was the prioress; she was the niece of Teresa de Layz, the prioress at Alba. ^{37.100, 271}

October ‘89 - May ‘91 JoC appointed as deputy vicar-general;^37.92

November 28 J Gracian writes King Philip a letter in which he claims that he and N Doria shared a ‘deep friendship’.^37.96

December 23 Juan de las Cuevas, OP, writes to Dona Juana Dantisco that he is hoping to reconcile two bitter rivals: J Gracian and N Doria.^37.96

Ana de la Encarnation Arbizo elected prioress of Grenada ^37.115

Church Bp Pedro Temino wants to replace the colegio of San Gil with a new institution that would be a proper Tridentine seminary; this does not happen in his lifetime; the new status in achieved in 1613^8.171ff

Reference 11.49, 25.39, 89

Carmel 2/3 death of Maria [dc] del Aguila; ^37.192

Apr J Gracian’s secretary, Francisco de la Cruz, writes a long letter expressing doubts about his future. Gracian writes that the consulta had said there would be no peace until he left the order. Gracian had actually proposed to the consulta that they let him leave quietly and secretly.^37.96-97

4/13 fndatn of priory at Cogolludo, Guadalajar; it was initiated by the rector at the college in Alcala.^{37.100, 271}

6/5 Sixtus V adds 4 sections to the Constitutions of Acala and forbids anyone to ‘alter, change or modify’ them or ‘in any other way to make other constitutions or rules save at the nuns’ request’; he denied Ana de Jesus’ request to make JoC the superior of the nuns. Rather he created the position of Commissary General to the nuns to centralize their oversight; the cg was elected by the general chapter for a term of 3 years and was to have chapter voice; the cg answered directly to the vicar general; and had sole jurisdiction over the nuns so that there would not be conflicting regulations given to them. Nicholas Doria wrote a stern rebuke to the nuns.^37.89-90 A Latin text of the constitutions was printed.

6/10 Doria calls for an extraordinary general chapter in Madrid to respond to the nuns’ maneuvering about the constitutions even though it would take two more months for the pope’s brief to reach him.^37.90

This chapter also discussed removing Gracian from Portugal, where he was very popular, and sending him to a priory in Castile.^37.97

Agustin [dlR] Carrasco is elected second definitor.^37.108 Ambrosio [MdSB] Azaro elected second consiliario; ^37.113 Antonio Heredia is also elected a consilario ^37.121

6/27 Sixtus writes a supplemental brief appointing Luis de Leon and Teutonio de Braganza, Archbp of Evora, executors of the 6/5 brief. The 6/27 brief stipulated that it was to be executed within a month of receipt. Teutonio was in poor health and left the job to de Leon. De Leon wrote to Doria and asked him to call a general chapter to promulgate the 6/5 brief and elect the commisary for the nuns. Doria refused.^37.90

9/21 fndatn of priory at Tortosa; they were so poor that the only artificial light was from a small oil lamp used by the prior.^{37.101, 271}

10/2 De Leon asks Doria to convene a general chapter in Madrid on 11/25 ^37.90

10/30 fndatn of priory at Burgo de Osma; the bp initiated this fndatn & was a generous benefactor. ^{37.100, 271}

11/12 1st fndatn of OCD nuns outside Spanish peninsula at Genoa; it was founded under the initiative of Doria; ^33.94

11/25 Because of Doria’s disfavor, only 3 provincials showed up for the general chapter; it was cancelled for lack of a quorum ^37.90

Doria then declares that he would rather dissociate himself entirely from the nuns than appoint a cg; he writes the king and royal council about the brief and tells them that the pope was misinformed and complains that the nuns obtained the brief by circumventing him. Doria also suggested to the friars that they disown the nuns.^37.90-91

The king supports Doria; de Leon thinks it is hopeless to continue and decides to return to Salamanca. Ana de Jesus convinces de Leon to stay and fight. De Braganza, who was a friend of ToA, Gracian, and the nuns in Lisbon, pleads with Doria and the King, but Doria was determined to get the brief revoked or modified in his favor; de Leon tries to call for a general chapter on February 2, 1591.^37.91

December The nuns at Vitoria write the king in support of Doria saying that only 6 of the 29 ocd monasteries of nuns wanted the 6/5 brief.^37.91

Death of Baltasar Nieto in Lisbon^37.125

Church 8/27 Sixtus dies.^37.90

12/5 Gregory XIV was elected pope and Doria promptly petitioned him to amend the nuns’ constitutions.^37.92

200K Xtians now in Japan;

There are English seminaries in Seville & Valladolid; Henry Walpole, SJ assigned to them

Reference 11.49, 25.192

Carmel 1/14 Peers says that there is a letter written to the king claiming that 17 of the 29 communities of ocd nuns favor the 6/5/90 brief.^37.91

1/26 Nicholas Doria writes a long tract to the king blaming all the agitation on Ana de Jesus, Maria de San Jose, and Gracian; he asks the king to command the nuns to be obedient to their superiors and to petition the pope to revoke the 6/5/9065 brief.^37.91 Because of her resistance to Doria, Ven Ana de Jesus Lobera goes into reclusion until 1594 ^37.116

4/25 Gregory XIV sanctions Doria's amendments to friars' & nuns' const; the new legislation put the nuns under the jurisdiction of their local ocd provincial rather than either the consulta or the general commissary.^37.92

5/7 fndatn of priory at Velez-Malaga; several well-off families made the request for it to Antonio dJ Heredia, the Andalusian provincial.^{37.101, 271}

6/1 beginning of the regularly scheduled general chapter in Madrid; word of the 4/25 brief had not reached the general chapter; in 1588 JoC had openly opposed Doria’s idea of putting the nuns under the authority of the consulta and Doria held a lot of animosity about this; JoC was not re-elected to a chapter office ^37.93

Agustin [dlR] Carrasco, now rector of Santo Angel in Seville, accompanies Doria to this chapter. ^37.108

Diego Evangelista Lopez was elected to office; he had been reprimanded by JoC when he was a young friar ^37.93

Antonio Heredia was elected provincial of Upper Andalusia ^37.121

JoC decries the increasing legalism of the order; he speaks up for the nuns, and defends Gracian; this further antagonizes Doria.^37.93

This chapter also discussed removing Gracian from Portugal and sending him to a priory in Castile, but could find no pretext to justify it.^37.97

After the close of the gc, Doria started a new inquiry into Gracian’s alleged indiscretions at a convent in Lisbon; Gracian responds that he has already answered the old charges and there was no truth to the new ones. The consulta, which had recently moved from Segovia to Madrid, ordered Gracian to come and defend himself in person. Doria feared that Gracian would not obey and asked King Philip to have the Prince Regent intervene; however Gracian sent a letter of submission to the consulta immediately by way of the Archbp of Evora who was going to Madrid.^37.97

6/25 The Mexican house had asked the gc for 12 more volunteers; seeing the hand writing on the wall, JoC offered to go; the gc signed the authorization on 6/25 ^37.94

6/28 Gracian arrives in Madrid; the consulta offered him a patent as vicar-general of the Indies; a friend warned him that it was a trick to get him out of Spain; they got the nuncio to forbid him to go; the consulta then arrested him. He was imprisoned and Diego E Lopez was told to get his confession. Gracian was put in solitary. After 4 or 5 days in solitary, Gracian confessed to one of the charges; he was immediately brought before a tribunal, but immediately recanted saying he confessed only for relief. Gracian would never admit his guilt again. The tribunal handed down the following sentence:^37.97-98

1. Banishment from Cordoba and Seville for 5 years; 2. Deprivation of active and passive voice until the consulta deemed otherwise; 3. He was forbidden to hear a woman’s confession. 4. Forbidden to write to a woman save through a third party. 5. Confinement in a priory for three years. 6. Bread and water every Friday until Easter. 7. Refectory discipline every day.^37.98

Early July Gregory’s 4/25 brief canceling JoC’s position as the nuns’ commissary reached the definitors; this removed JoC’s apparent threat and they dropped the idea of sending him to Mexico; Doria proposed that he become vicar of Segovia; JoC refused; Doria assigned him to Andalusia; some speculate that this was because JoC did not like it there; others speculate that it was because he would be near Seville, the point of departure for Mexico.^37.94

JoC wrote Heredia, the provincial, asking him which house in Andalusia he should go to; Heredia left the choice to him.^37.94

Late July JoC goes to the solitude of La Penuela via Toledo and Malagon; once there Diego de la Concepcion, the prior, appointed him spiritual director of the community; he had no additional duties.^37.94

Diego E Lopez becomes N Doria’s good friend; the definitory assigned Lopez the task of gathering evidence for the case against Gracian; Lopez used this opportunity to smear JoC’s reputation, esp. with regard to his relationship with the nuns; the nuns sent to Doria a great number of letters protesting Lopez’ activities. When news of this reached La Penuela, the friars urged JoC to discuss the problem with Doria; JoC refused. Juan de Santa Ana writes to JoC warning him that he might be expelled from the order. JoC writes back telling him not to worry.^37.94-95

Mid-September JoC falls ill with fever; the friars urge him to go to Baeza for treatment; not wanting to go to the college that he founded and where he had so many friends, he opted for Ubeda instead.^37.95

9/19 fndatn of priory in Ecija through the persistence of Agustin de los Reyes Carrasco y Gongora who was born there;^{37.82, 101, 272}

9/28 JoC goes to Ubeda; Francisco Crisostomo was prior and took this opportunity for revenge. JoC undergoes two operations; Francisco treats JoC so unkindly that the other friars write to the provincial in protest ^37.95

11/27 Provincial Heredia arrives at Ubeda out of concern about JoC and rebukes Francisco; Francisco repents and asks JoC forgiveness and from then on gives him whatever he needed.^37.95

November After subjecting Gracian to five months of discipline, the consulta calls Gracian before them once again. He is now broken. They read a new list of charges. Gracian is willing to confess anything, but asks that a member of another order be added to the tribunal. This was denied.^37.98

12/12 Fndatn of the first Italian convent of the reform in Genoa by Jeronima del Espiritu Santo Acevedo y Villalobos & 3 other nuns from Malagon; Jeronima was prioress there until 1594. ^{37.101, 174, 271}

12/14 death of John of the Cross at Ubeda ^{37.95, 111} Alonso "el Asturicense" is with him when he dies. Alonso is appointed procurator for the cause of his beatification. He writes a biography which is an important first hand account for later scholars.^37.111

Garcia Giron de Loaysa, future Archbp of Toleda endows and founds Our Lady of the Virgins, the first ocd college for women; it provided an education for 12 poor, but well-born girls between the ages of 14 and 18 who were from the Guadalajara region.^37.101

Blessed Anne of St Bartholomew Garcia accompanies Maria de San Jeronimo from San Jose to Madrid; Maria is prioress there from 1591-94 ^37.110

There is now a total of 81 convents and priories in the reform.^37.99

Church 1591-95 Jeronimo Manrique de Lara Bp of Ávila; he is also the gen'l inquisitor of Sp^8.172

6/21 St Aloysius Gonzaga dies in Rome of complications due to plague; Robert Bellarmine was his spiritual director

Reference 11.49

Carmel The definitory publishes new constitutions for both the nuns and friars implementing the changes made by Gregory’s 4/25/91 brief ^37.92

2/17 A new tribunal meets to consider Jeronimo Gracian’s case: the vicar general, the consulta, the definitors, the Madrid prior, and a Dominican and a Hieronymite chosen by N Doria; the formal sentence of expulsion from the order was read; Gregorio de San Angelo, secretary to the consulta, was instructed to implement it; two friars from the Madrid house stepped forward to strip Gracian of his habit; he motioned them back, took off his habit himself, and flung it to the ground.^37.97-98

2/19 Clement VIII approves the OCD friars' 1590 const;

Doria issues an edition of Const for the nuns: he translated the 1590 text & 1591 amendments;

4/3 Cafardo dies; Chizzola, an Italian, had been named vicar-general,^{37.102 perhaps Peers means he was named acting vg until elections could be held} but Doria preferred to have a Spaniard in this post. To that end he discussed with the king having Migues de Carranza, O Carm, and a friend of the reform named general. The king gave Doria a letter to his ambassador to the Vatican, the Duke of Sessa. The letter praised Carranza and asked the duke to ‘secure his election as general by all honest means in his power.’^37.102

8/14 1st OCD desert founded at Bolarque

Ana de la Encarnacion Arbizo elected prioress of Seville ^37.115

Church

Reference 25.11,75

Carmel 6/6 The general chapter meets at Cremona for the election. The Discalced delegation = the vicar general, 2 socii, and 14 provincial delegates. Antonio de Jesus, now 83, did not attend, but Juan [dj] Roca, Juan Bautista [el ron], Luis de San Jeronimo Rivafreiza, Agustin el los Reyes Carrasco, Diego Evangelista Lopez, and Juan de Jesus Maria Aravalles, the rector of the Alcala College do.^37.102

It was clear by the time of the election that Chizzola’s election was certain. Fore-seeing the outcome the entire discalced delegation voted for him and in the end 68 of the 72 delegates voted for Chizzola. After the election, the discalced petitioned the chapter for a general of their own. The discalces retired during the discussion of their request. Peers writes that this petition came as a surprise to the chapter.^37.102

Carranza opposed the split for two reasons: 1] A reform group within the Order would have a positive influence on the whole group. 2] It would make it easier for a friar who went over to the reform to return if the move didn’t work.^37.103

Chizzola supported the split because he thought a split was inevitable and he thought it was better to make it while the discalced were experiencing rapid growth. In a secret session the general and definitors voted unanimously in favor of the split. ^37.103

September Roca was sent to Rome for further negotiations about the split; King Philip II supported the split ^37.103

12/20 The formal bull making the Discalced into a separate Order was promulgated. The calced general was called a superior-general and the discalced general was called a praeositor-general to help avoid confusion; Pope Clement VIII appointed Doria as acting general until elections could be held. Doria’s supporters asked Philip to ask Clement to supply a written nomination of Doria for General. ^37.103 there were 32 Teresian monasteries at the time^32.58

Our Lady of Hope Monastery in Venice, a group of tertiaries regular with vows, successfully resists the pressure to cloister & Chizzola's prohibition of accepting new candidates.^32.61

Ambrosio de San Pedro dies in Majorca.^37.113

Church Approval to move remains of San Segundo finally to Ávila's cathedral^8.174

2/6 Jas Sales, SJ & Wlm Saultemouch, SJ martyred by Calvinist/Huguenots in France;

3/25 b of St John de Brebeuf, martyred 3/16/1649

Reference 25.204ff

Carmel Early Apr Doria goes on retreat for a few days at Bolarque and then goes to Patrana where he gives 3 novices the habit. Next he goes to Alcala de Henares; taken seriously ill on his journey, he reaches Alcala on the virge of collapse. They send for his brother Horacio and the friars postpone the Chapter indefinitely.^37.103

May 9 Doria dies 9 days before his 55^th birthday ^37.104

May 23 The general chapter convenes in Madrid; Nuncio Camilo Cayetano chairs the meeting; they elect Elias de San Martin Martinez general. The chapter also appointed Diego Evangelista Lopez provincial of Adalucia. This enemy of John of the Cross died on the way to his new post; he was 34. ^37.104 It also appointed Agustin [dlR] Carrasco provincial of Lower Andalusia.^37.108

O Carm nuns leave Paterno del Campo & return to Seville^32.54

Death of Ambrosio [MdSB] Azaro in Madrid ^37.113

Maria de San Jeronimo & Blessed Anne of St Bartholomew Garcia return to Avila from Madrid ^37.118

Church 7/4 John Cornelius, SJ & companions martyred in Dorchester, Eng

Sept San Segundo's remains actually moved to the cathedral amid a week long celebration which included an enactment of Lope de Vega's San Segundo de Ávila^8.175

Cianco will write a book connecting Bp Manrique with San Segundo, Ávila's 1st bp; in it he claims that San Segundo was one of 7 companions of St James who brought Xtianity to Sp^8.177

Reference 25: 59,90,122

Carmel Ana de la Encarnacion Arbizo now prioress of Ubeda ^37.115

Maria de San Jeronimo & Blessed Anne of St Bartholomew Garcia go from Avila to Ocana to make a fndatn ^37.118

Church 2/21 Rob't Southwell, SJ martyred in London;

4/7 Henry Walpole, SJ martyred near York;

4/30 Abraham George, SJ martyred in Ethiopia

Reference 25.39ff

Carmel J Gracian ‘partially’ re-instated in the order.^37.99

May Ven Ana de Jesus Lobera now at Salamanca where she is elected prioress ^37.116

7/3 Agustin [dlR] Carrasco dies from an accident traveling from Portugal to Cordoba. He is buried in the church of the priory at Aguilar which he had helped to found.^37.108

Church A new crackdown on Xtian missionaries in Japan starts

Society

Reference 25.41,119

Carmel OCD Const for nuns enacted which req'd purity of blood for entrance; there could be no converso blood in the family line for the previous 4 generations; this statute would have eliminated T from consideration^8.165

Fndatn of Santa Maria della Scala in Rome => the order comes into contact with the reform movement sponsored by Pope Clement VIII^33.94

Church 2/5 Paul Miki, SJ et al martyred in Japan;

12/21 Peter Canisius, SJ dies in Freibourg; in his lifetime he had founded 18 colleges, written 37 books, & helped restore Catholicism to Germany

Society Both bread and work scarce in Ávila^8.156

Carmel Angel de San Gabriel Cabezas vicar at the newly founded priory at Ocana^37.120

Society Spring: Bubonic plague, tertian fever, & typhus strike Ávila, esp the poor^8.155

Carmel Pope Clement VIII divides ocd's into 2 juridically independent congregations: St Joseph's was Sp; it covered Sp & its New World possessions; it was linked to the religious policy of the Sp monarchy & emphasized recollection & study; St Elijah's was It; it covered the rest of the world; it was spurred on by the Curia & fused the observance of the regular life & missionary apostolate^33.94

Ana de San Agustin Pedruja instrumental in fndatn of nuns at Valera de Abajo in Cuenca^37.117

Carmel Death of Ana de la Encarnacion Tapia ^37.115

Mar Antonio Heredia leaves Gradada for Velez-Malaga ^37.121

4/22 d of Antonio Heredia ^37.121

Carmel Ana de la Encarnacion Arbizo returns to Grenada as prioress.^37.115

Carmel Ven Ana de Jesus Lobera make fndatn in Paris;^37.116

Blessed Anne of St Bartholomew Garcia also goes on a fndatn in France ^37.118

Ill health forces Juan de Avila to step down as chaplain of San Jose; in his later years T complained about his laxity; Juan wrote a biography of T & other works^37.124

Carmel 1/6 Blessed Anne of St Bartholomew Garcia becomes a choir sister^37.118

Ven Ana de Jesus Lobera makes fndatns in Pontoise and Dijon;^37.116 Blessed Anne of St Bartholomew Garcia becomes prioress at Pontoise and then Paris ^37.118

Church

Society

Carmel Blessed Anne of St Bartholomew Garcia makes fndatn at Tours; she was prioress there until 1611^37.118

Carmel 1607-8 Ven Ana de Jesus Lobera makes fndatns in Brussels, Louvain and Mons^37.116

Church

Society

Carmel Ven Ana de Jesus Lobera indefatigable in getting T’s works published; she gets the first Spanish edition of The Foundations printed in Brussels.^37.116

Death of Ana de la Madre de Dios de la Palma.^37.117

Church

Carmel Ven Ana de Jesus Lobera makes fndatn in Antwerp; ^37.116 Blessed Anne of St Bartholomew Garcia is the prioress; she remains here until her death ^37.118

Church

Society

Carmel 4/24 T beatified^1c91

Church

Society

Carmel 2/9 death of Ana de la Encarnacion Arbizo in Grenada ^37.115

Carmel 3/4 death of Ana de Jesus Lobera ^37.116

Church

Society

Carmel 3/12 T canonized^1c91

Church 3/12 Isidore, Ignatius Loyola, Francis Xavier, & Philip Neri also canonized^1c91

Carmel Death of Ana de Jesus Jimena .^37.115

Church

Carmel Death of Blessed Anne of St Bartholomew Garcia^37.119